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Four federal departments are located at BIO: Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Environment Canada (EC), and the Department of National Defence (DND)
Big Motion Pictures of Chester, Nova Scotia filming a scene in the BIO auditorium for the four-hour mini series, Trudeau, staring Colm Feore - photo by Chris Reardon.
Table of ContentsRetrospective 2001Science ActivitiesGeological Survey of Canada (Atlantic)Fossil Dinoflagellates make a Difference to the Dating Game - Rob Fensome and Graham Williams Nares Strait: Collaborative Research to Solve a Geological Controversy - Ruth Jackson, Gordon Oakey, and Sonya Dehler Postglacial Coastlines in Atlantic Canada: A New Perspective - John Shaw and Robert Courtney Canadian Hydrographic ServiceThe Canadian Hydrographic Service in the International Forum - Gerard Costello and Tom Rowsell The Sea Road to ISO 9001:2000 Registration - Nicholas J. Palmer Ocean SciencesTales of the Unexpected from the Scotian Shelf - Erica Head and Leslie Harris Pacific Water in the North Atlantic Ocean - E. P. Jones Recent Advances in Modelling the Organic Carbon Cycle in the Central Labrador Sea and Perspectives for Climate Research - Alain Vézina Marine Storms and Extreme Waves - William Perrie Marine Environmental SciencesThe Grand Banks Otter Trawling Experiment - Donald C. Gordon Jr., Kent D. Gilkinson, Ellen L.R. Kenchington, Cynthia Bourbonnais, Kevin MacIsaac, David L. McKeown, and W. Peter Vass Biological SciencesAquaculture Research at BIO - Dan Jackson, Bénédikte Vercaemer, Barry MacDonald, Koren Spence, Rajashree Gouda, and Ellen Kenchington The Challenge of Developing New Fisheries - Bob Miller Marine Fish Division/Invertebrate Fisheries Division Virtual Data Centre - R. Branton, G. Black, and J. McRuer The Scotian Shelf and Southern Grand Banks Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) Survey - Collaboration Between the Fishing and Fisheries Science Communities - K.C.T. Zwanenburg and S. Wilson Freshwater Biodiversity Facilities - T. R. Goff, S. F. O'Neil, and T. L. Marshall Research Voyages - D.L. McKeown Cross Cutting IssuesPartnering between First Nations and DFO Science and Oceans and Environment Branches - K. Paul, R. Lavoie, and T. L. Marshall Interactions between Offshore Oil and Gas Operations and the Marine Environment - Peter Cranford, Shelley Armsworthy, Kenneth Lee, Tim Milligan, Kee Muschenheim, Charles Hannah, John Loder, Michael Li, Gary Sonnichsen, and Edward King The Sable Gully - Jason Naug Bras d'Or Lakes Research - SIMBOL (Science for Integrated Management of the Bras d'Or Lakes) - Gary Bugden, Ed Horne, Brian Petrie, Tim Lambert, Barry Hargrove, Tim Milligan, Peter Strain, Phil Yeats, Ken Paul, David Piper, John Shaw, Bob Taylor, Janice Raymond, and John Tremblay Impact of Multibeam Surveys on Scallop Fishing Efficiency and on Stock Assessments - Ginette Robert and the Canadian Offshore Scallop Industry Mapping Group Resource Management HighlightsFisheries and Oceans Canada, Maritimes Regional Contribution to National Policy on Ecosystem-based Management - Bob O'Boyle, Mike Sinclair, and Faith Scattolon Habitat Stewardship Projects of the Habitat Management Division - Chad Ziai and Shayne McQuaid DFO - Maritimes Region and the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry - Julia McCleave Maritimes Aquatic Species at Risk Office (MASARO) - Jerry Conway and John Loch Managing Multiple Ocean Use in the Offshore - Jason Naug The Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) Initiative - Jason Naug Aquaculture Co-ordination Office, Maritimes Region - Cindy Webster Technical Support Highlights2001 - Outreach at BIO - Joni Henderson, Jennifer Bates, Rob Fensome, John Shaw, John Shimeld, and Graham Williams BIO Supporting the Community - Shelley Armsworthy Public Works and Government Services (PWGSC) Wharf Rejuvenation for Bedford Institute of Oceanography - Wilf Lush Other ProgramsThe Centre for Marine Biodiversity - Ellen Kenchington The BIO Oceans Association Beluga Recognition Award - Dale Buckley The Third Meeting of the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) - Shubha Sathyendranath Fishermen and Scientists Research Society (FSRS) Lobster Recruitment Index from Standard Traps (LRIST) - John Tremblay, Carl MacDonald, Douglas Pezzack, and Peter Hurley Financial and Human Resources Financial InformationPeople at BIO in 2001Publications and ProductsPublications 2001Products 2001 Retrospective 2001 |
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| Species | Fishery management measures |
| Blood worms | Minimum worm size in grams, spawning season closed, and temporary closure of overexploited areas. |
| Kelp | Limits on the largest patch that can be cut (15 m by 15 m), the fraction of a bed that can be harvested in one year (one-third), and minimum plant size (1 m long). |
| Jonah crab and rock crab | Minimum size to maintain reproductive potential, season to reduce gear conflicts with other fisheries, and trap modifications to allow sublegal crabs to escape and to reduce lobster bycatch. |
| Sea cucumber | Seasons to avoid gear conflicts with the lobster fishery. |
- R. Branton (MFD), G. Black (IFD), and J. McRuer (MFD)
What is VDC
Marine Fish (MFD) and Invertebrate Fisheries (IFD) divisions
at BIO and Saint Andrews Biological Station (SABS) provide
the scientific foundation for the DFO Maritimes Region's
finfish and shellfish harvest fisheries management
activities. The primary inputs are a complex array of data
from various sources including government research vessel
surveys, industry surveys, fishers' logbooks, commercial
catch statistics, port samples, and at-sea observers.
Recent changes to DFO's computing culture (adopting software standards and declaring a Science Data Management Policy) have prompted MFD and IFD to jointly develop an intranet website to facilitate access to these data. This integrated science user-oriented facility, otherwise referred to as the 'Virtual Data Centre' or VDC, is a completely new data retrieval and analysis tool. This tool greatly enhances research productivity by enabling diverse and disparate data sets to appear in common/familiar forms at a central location.
The VDC offers a product-oriented approach to data analysis activities. Data products are produced on demand directly from the database, including a wide range of maps, graphs, reports, spreadsheets, images, and movies.
Using VDC
The VDC is accessed using Internet Explorer. Entry is
controlled via a central username/password login page.
New users automatically receive guest status to view pre-formed public material. Before viewing private or restricted material or querying the underlying data, the guest must apply to site or group administrators for a username and password. Each group contributing to the site controls its own mini VDC consisting of staff lists, project pages, and data pages.
Project leaders and data managers administer their project and data pages while individual staff can create links to frequently used project and data pages, as well as create and maintain their own personal content.
VDC products
Data products appear as pre-formed reports or as drop down
menus and push buttons, which give the user the option of
creating their own report. These menus provide the ability to
specify species names, stock area, survey series, and ranges
of years, all appearing in a common natural language form.
Sample line graph - research vessel survey information for
Scotian Shelf redfish.
Data tables, graphs and maps can be used in presentations or pasted directly into scientific documents.
Sample map - research vessel survey information for
Scotian Shelf redfish.
Maps can be produced as data movies to facilitate exploration of spatial and temporal trends within the data or as interactive graphics where the area of interest can be enlarged and triggered to provide spreadsheets and/or detailed statistical analysis of the selected observations.
Sample map - commercial landings and port samples (otter
trawlers <65') for western Scotian Shelf redfish.
Sample histogram - redfish port samples selected from map
shown above.
Data sources accessed via the VDC are documented with a full-featured data dictionary describing all data tables, columns, and codes.
Ready to use Structured Query Language (SQL) queries are also provided for ad hoc access to the data.
In addition to data, the VDC stores and retrieves digital images of research activities, individual specimens, and sampled materials such as the otoliths used to determine fish age.
Redfish otolith - photo by Steven Campana.
VDC details
The VDC was created as part of the computing revitalization
initiatives arising from the government-wide Year 2000
project. External funds from the Census of Marine Life
Project and Fisheries Information Management Project are now
being used to make further improvements.
The VDC is the interplay of several technologies. Key hardware components are the DFO intranet, Oracle Databases & Web Application Servers, ACON data visualization system and Splus Statserver. Primary programming languages are: HTM, SQL, PL/SQL, C++, and Splus.
User and Administrator manuals are available directly from
the website.
VDC benefits
Standardized data management methods have allowed MFD and
IFD to improve data collection activities. For example,
survey data are now routinely available for analysis within a
day or two of the completion of a research vessel cruise. The
VDC, coupled with improved data collection, has increased
data accessibility, thus increasing overall analytical
capability and facilitating the resource status evaluation
process. The VDC provides a focus for liaison with resource
managers and external clients, as it allows research managers
to quickly develop and review stock indicators to determine
when significant changes in stock status have occurred.
New analytical modules are continually being added, with a new release of the VDC core expected in early 2002. DFO Maritimes Informatics Branch is in the process of adopting the new VDC into the realm of supported systems and will use it to form the basis of a system of regional and potentially national virtual data centres.
Redfish orocean perch.
VDC contacts
Bob Branton
branton@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
(902) 426-3537
Jerry Black
blackj@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
(902) 426-2950
Jeff McRuer
mcruerj@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
(902) 426-3585
Shelley Bond*
bonds@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
(902) 426-4315
*VDC site administrator
- K.C.T. Zwanenburg and S. Wilson
Since 1970, Canada has conducted standardized otter trawl surveys to derive estimates of fish population abundance on the Scotian Shelf. These surveys give highly variable abundance estimates for Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), a very valuable, commercially exploited species. The groundfish surveys were not designed to estimate abundance of this non-schooling species and do not cover the entire geographic range of the population.
In 1998, a longline survey for Atlantic halibut was implemented to improve these estimates by using fishing gear that captures halibut more effectively and by covering more of the geographic range of the population (Figure 1). The survey is a collaboration between DFO and the community of expert halibut fishermen who exploit this species on the Scotian Shelf and southern Grand Banks. A self-funding, long-term (10 year plus), two-stage design consisting of stratified random and commercial index phases was adopted. The stratified random phase picked 220 sampling locations which are now fixed positions sampled each year, while the commercial index phase allows the commercial fishermen to pick varying sampling locations based on their experience. The stratified random phase provides unbiased estimates of population abundance while the commercial index phase provides estimates of commercial catch per unit effort and allows fishermen to contribute their knowledge and expertise to improving our understanding of this species.
Figure 1A. Geographic distribution of halibut survey
commercial index catch rates (kg per 1000 hooks adjusted for
soak time).
Figure 1B. Geographic distribution of halibut survey
fixed station catch rates (kg per 1000 hooks adjusted for
soak time).
The ongoing survey has already provided a wealth of information on halibut distribution, population size structure, and diet composition, and has also collected large numbers of halibut otoliths (ear bones) to be used in determining the age structure of the population. The halibut survey has provided more information on the distribution, abundance and biology of halibut than was collected by the previous 30 years of trawl surveys.
The fourth year of this important survey, conducted by 10-15 commercial fishing vessels each year, was completed in July of 2001. Although it is still too early to draw firm conclusions based on only four years of data, we do see that halibut population numbers have been relatively stable over the course of the survey (Figure 2) as judged by both the stratified random and the commercial index portions of the survey. The missing piece of the puzzle is whether the population is stable at high or low numbers relative to its history.
Figure 2. Results of the Scotian Shelf and Grand Banks
longline halibut survey showing catch rates for both the
stratified random and commercial index phases.
We are also in the process of verifying the ages of halibut as determined by counting the growth rings in the otoliths. This study uses the detectable fall-out from nuclear testing, started in the 1950s, as a marker in the otoliths to judge whether each observed ring is equivalent to a single year's growth. Preliminary results indicate that this is the case and we are now in position to determine the ages of all the fish sampled. Knowing the age structure of any fish population is important because it tells us the probability of surviving from one age to the next, and what impact fisheries have on that probability. The large numbers of otoliths collected will allow us to develop detailed estimates of population age structure and survival rates.
This survey has provided important information on the halibut of the Scotian Shelf and southern Grand Banks and has fostered cooperation between scientists and fishermen.
- T. R. Goff, S. F. O'Neil, and T. L. Marshall
Declines in abundance of Atlantic salmon, closures of many fisheries, and the recognition that many stocks are either endangered or threatened, dictated a new focus for DFO Maritimes Region's three hatcheries. That focus is the development and maintenance of living gene banks. This is done through captive production of broodstock, DNA-based selected matings to maximize genetic variability, early stocking of their progeny to maximize natural selection in freshwater, and later collection of older parr for renewed production of broodstock. This circumvents the current harsh marine conditions affecting the salmon's normal life history, and maximizes their potential for recovery once conditions for survival improve. The new focus essentially eliminates smolt and juvenile stocking for "enhancement of fisheries". This has prompted DFO Science Branch to rename facilities at Mactaquac near Fredericton, NB, Coldbrook, NS, and Mersey, near Liverpool NS as "Biodiversity Facilities".
Location of Freshwater Biodiversity Facilities, inner Bay
of Fundy watersheds and NS Southern Upland.
Mactaquac Biodiversity Facility
The Mactaquac Fish Culture Station was opened in 1968 to
mitigate losses of salmon to hydroelectric development on the
Saint John River. Mitigation relied on releases of smolts.
Smolt quality was improved over time by the deepening of
ponds, reductions in fish densities, and construction of an
Early Rearing Facility that reduced age-at-smoltification
from two to one year. By the 1990s, juvenile production,
principally for the Saint John River and tributaries, was
about 300,000 age-1 sea-going smolts and an equal or greater
number of age-0 parr for river stocking.
Aerial view of the Mactaquac Biodiversity Facility
(bottom),Mactaquac Dam (top center) and Early Rearing
Facility (complex downstream and right of the dam).
In 1998, a few of the facility's many ponds were dedicated to the first phase of live gene banking of New Brunswick's "endangered" inner Bay of Fundy salmon. This involved rearing captured wild juvenile salmon from the Big Salmon River through to the adult stage, and their subsequent mating. All fish were subjected to DNA analysis for stock origin and family grouping so that mating of siblings was minimized and family representation was optimized.
This program is expected to yield about 2.5 million eggs per year for re-population of inner Bay of Fundy rivers and production of next generation parr, and ultimately broodstock. Plans are to continue this process until such time as marine survival improves.
In 2000, a similar but smaller scale program was initiated for the near-extirpated Magaguadavic River stock of the outer Bay of Fundy.
Further, the Mactaquac program is now shifting from using wild brood fish captured at Mactaquac Dam for production and release of smolts, to using wild juvenile salmon captured upstream of the dam for the production of broodstock and release of adult spawners. This departure from past practices is due to:
a 20-year and 10-fold decline in the number of adult returns originating both at and upstream of Mactaquac, and
emerging confidence in the ability to produce adult fish in freshwater from juveniles.
Recovery to previous stock numbers is unlikely to occur until marine survival improves. Recovery will be impossible however without a stable freshwater population of wild juveniles. Adult releases from the captive rearing program will have the potential to deposit 12 million eggs or about 40% of the conservation requirement for the river upstream of Mactaquac. This will eliminate the need to retain broodstock from valuable wild adults returning to the dam.
Stock assessments, research, and outreach
In addition to rearing fish, the Mactaquac Biodiversity
Facility yields biological information. In particular, its
trapping facility at the Mactaquac Dam yields important
information for the assessment of salmon, alewife, blueback
herring, American eel, striped bass, and Atlantic and
shortnose sturgeon. Research is also conducted in cooperation
with universities, private industry, and fish and wildlife
organizations. Investigations have included the viability of
triploid salmonids for aquaculture, vaccine development, and
growth and condition of fish reared at various temperature
regimes. Cooperative programs with local First Nations
contribute to the facility's operations, including a Visitor
Interpretation Center. The Visitor Center exhibits the
operations of the facilities and the life cycle of the
Atlantic salmon.
Coldbrook and Mersey Biodiversity
facilities
The Coldbrook and Mersey Biodiversity facilities engage in
live gene banking of Atlantic salmon, stocking of salmon in
rivers negatively impacted by acid precipitation, and
research on a variety of salmon and endangered Atlantic
whitefish initiatives. These activities replace previous
enhancement programs.
Mersey Biodiversity Facility upper ponds and culture and
research buildings.
The Mersey and Coldbrook Biodiversity facilities are operated jointly to meet program objectives. The brood fish for all salmon programs are held at Coldbrook, where surface and well water provide temperature control and flexibility. Rearing of young takes place at Mersey where the greater water supply permits the production of up to 300,000 age-1 sea-going smolts, and an equal or greater number of age-0 parr for river stocking.
Living gene banks
As was the case at Mactaquac in 1998, a few of the many
ponds at Coldbrook were dedicated to the first phase of live
gene banking the endangered Nova Scotia inner Bay of Fundy
salmon. In this case, wild juvenile salmon from the Stewiacke
River are being reared through to maturity at Coldbrook.
Between 0.5 and 1.0 million eggs will be hatched and grown at
Mersey for release into the Stewiacke and other inner Bay of
Fundy rivers, from which salmon have been extirpated.
Implicit in our direction for the living gene banks is a
DNA-based prescriptive mating strategy like that described
for Mactaquac.
Additionally, progeny of adult salmon of the inner Bay of Fundy's unique Gaspereau River are reared and returned to the river. Juveniles from several other Nova Scotia inner Bay of Fundy rivers have been collected for possible inclusion in the inner Bay gene bank program.
Intervention in acid-impacted rivers
Acid precipitation has contributed to serious declines, and
in some cases, extirpation, of salmon in over 50 rivers of
the Nova Scotia Southern Upland. Adult salmon are being
collected from several rivers to supplement smolt production
due to losses caused by acid precipitation. Genetic analysis
of many other river stocks is ongoing and in the short term,
supplementation with cultured fish and or live gene banking
should avoid complete loss of the most unique stocks.
Research, First Nations support, and outreach
Breeding, rearing, and stocking fish in support of fisheries
was the previous principal activity of federal fish
hatcheries in Nova Scotia. Few fisheries now remain and the
preservation of stocks and their genetic diversity is
becoming the goal.
Confined to a single watershed in Nova Scotia, the endangered Atlantic whitefish (Coregonus huntsmani) is being cultured at Mersey to ascertain the influence of environmental variables on its survival and growth. Ultimately, the goal is to develop technical capability to repatriate the species to its former range.
Endangered Atlantic whitefish, Coregonus huntsmani.
The facilities also support salmon conservation and initiatives identified by First Nations, welcome tour groups, and offer training for community college students.
- D. L. McKeown
Redfish catch - summer 2001 groundfish survey of the CCGS
Alfred Needler on the eastern Scotian Shelf - photo by J.G.
Reid.
CCGS Alfred Needler
CCGS Alfred Needler is a 50m offshore fisheries research
trawler. In January 2001, the vessel was engaged in fish
behaviour studies off Cape Breton and during February and
March, carried out shellfish and winter groundfish surveys on
the Scotian Shelf. From May to November, DFO scientists from
the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Gulf Fisheries Centre,
and the Maurice Lamontagne Institute used the vessel to
conduct offshore finfish and shellfish ecosystem surveys and
related research programs on the Scotian Shelf from Georges
Bank to Cabot Strait and into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In
December, the ship undertook groundfish surveys for the
Newfoundland Region in place of the Teleost that had
mechanical equipment problems.
Towcam being deployed on the CCGS Hudson by Peter Vass
and Dwight Reimer.
CCGS Hudson
CCGS Hudson is a 90m offshore oceanographic research and
survey vessel. During the winter of 2000/2001, the vessel
completed the second phase of an extensive refit to prolong
its working life another seven to ten years. On May 1, it
departed on the annual spring cruise to collect physical and
biological oceanographic data for the Atlantic Zone
Monitoring Program (AZMP). This cruise encompassed a series
of survey lines across the Scotian Shelf ranging from
southern Nova Scotia to Cabot Strait. In early June, the ship
journeyed to the Labrador Sea to service oceanographic
moorings and conduct hydrographic
(conductivity/temperature/depth) survey operations as part of
Canada's contribution to global climate studies. After
returning to BIO to change staff and re-configure equipment,
the ship served as a platform for Natural Resources Canada
and Dalhousie University staff who conducted a major seismic
refraction survey on the Scotian Shelf.
After another stop at BIO to reconfigure scientific equipment, the vessel carried out a series of geoscience studies on the Grand Bank, Scotian Slope, and Scotian Shelf from mid-July to mid-September. A team of BIO and Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre scientists then boarded the ship to conduct benthic and fisheries habitat studies on several of the offshore banks from Banquereau to Georges and to survey and sample deep sea corals in the Gully and along the continental slope. From mid-October to mid-December, staff from BIO, the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre and the Maurice Lamontange Institute conducted three consecutive cruises to obtain the autumn AZMP physical and biological oceanographic data set. The scientific season concluded on December 9 when the ship was laid up at BIO for the winter season.
The launch Pipit approaching the CCGS Matthew - Isle aux
Morts, south shore of Newfoundland.
CCGS Matthew
CCGS Matthew is a 50m coastal research and survey vessel.
Its season began in May when a group of BIO physical and
chemical oceanographers took the vessel to Sydney Harbour to
collect sediment samples and water column data for
toxicological studies. At the beginning of June, the ship
proceeded to the south coast of Newfoundland to commence its
annual hydrographic charting program. After a brief
geoscience survey in Notre Dame Bay, the vessel moved to the
Labrador Coast to continue hydrographic surveys until early
October. After being reconfigured with geophysical equipment
at BIO, it carried out a geoscience survey near Rustico,
Prince Edward Island. Its operational season ended at BIO on
November 2.
CCGS J.L.Hart, CCGS Navicula, CCGS Opilio
and CCGS Pandalus II
The DFO Maritimes Region also operates several smaller
inshore fisheries research trawlers. These vessels are used
by a large number of scientists to pursue a wide range of
scientific program including stock assessment, fisheries and
habitat research and geophysical surveys. CCGS J.L.Hart
(20m), operating out of the St. Andrews Biological Station,
spent most of the 2001 season supporting research programs in
the Bay of Fundy area. The CCGS Opilio (18m), based in
Shipigan, New Brunswick, enabled staff of the Gulf Fisheries
Centre to carry out research programs in the Northumberland
Strait and in the Bay of Chaleur area. The CCGS Navicula
(20m) served as a platform for a cooperative DFO/First
Nations fisheries research program in the Bras d'Or Lakes as
well as supporting a number of other fisheries and habitat
research programs in the Bay of Fundy and Cape Breton coastal
areas of Nova Scotia. The CCGS Pandalus III (13m) operating
out of the St. Andrews Biological Station conducted numerous
daily trips in the local area throughout the year.
The Marshall decision of 1999 brought significant changes to the Atlantic fishery and to DFO's relationship with First Nations. DFO Science has a long history of working with First Nations; in 2001 there was an enhancement of cooperative activities, particularly on Cape Breton Island.
The Eskasoni Fish and Wildlife Commission (EF&WC) is located in the Mi'kmaw community of Eskasoni, Nova Scotia, on the shores of the Bras d'Or Lakes. The EF&WC is a Native-run, non-profit organization that deals with environmental and scientific issues that affect the entire Bras d'Or Lakes watershed. Over the past decade, EF&WC has developed a good working relationship with DFO Science at BIO and has collaborated on issues concerning the health of the Bras d'Or Lakes ecosystem. Earlier projects in this area include water testing, and fisheries studies.
In the early 1960s, the Gillis Cove Oyster Culture Station was set up to study the reproduction of the American oyster and to develop techniques to grow high quality oysters from seed to market size. Since the mid-1990s, a joint project run by an Aboriginal biologist has used the station to experiment with new techniques and to train young natives in the production of seed oysters.
With the Union of Nova Scotia Indians, the EF&WC recently incorporated the Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources (UINR) to deal with the environmental issues and scientific opportunities for the Native communities in Nova Scotia. Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) were signed between DFO and the UINR for the use of the CCG research vessel Navicula for data collection, collaboration on scientific research, cross training for DFO and EF&WC staff, sharing of lab facilities, staff exchanges, and information sharing on the Bras d'Or Lakes ecosystem. A second MOU is ready for signing in 2002.
Charlie Joe Dennis being presented with the DFO Deputy
Minister's Certificate of Recognition for his extensive work
with DFO on preserving and developing the renewable natural
resources of the Bras d'Or Lakes. (left to right) Kenneth
Paul, Diana Denny, René Lavoie, Charlie Joe Dennis,
Shelley Denny and Mike Sinclair - photo by George Paul.
DFO Science launched an initiative called SIMBOL (Science for Integrated Management of the Bras d'Or Lakes) to address stakeholder concerns identified at a Bras d'Or Lakes Ecosystem Workshop held at the Canadian Coast Guard College in October 1999. A more detailed article on SIMBOL is contained later in this section of the report. Now in its second year, SIMBOL has enabled:
During the winter and spring of 2001, the regional DFO Science and Oceans and Environment branches and the Eskasoni First Nation jointly organized a number of meetings including Mi'kmaw cultural awareness sessions for BIO staff. A meeting at Wagmatcook Cultural Center in May 2001 culminated in a large Talking Circle with DFO and Environment Canada staff, and Mi'kmaw Elders. This gathering of peace and friendship is intended as a first step towards integrating Mi'kmaw traditional knowledge with DFO Science.
A Talking Circle meeting between First Nations Elders,
DFL scientists and managers, staff of the Eskasoni Fish and
Wildlife Commissions, and Environment Canada at the
Wagmatcook Cultural Center, Cape Breton Island, May 23, 2001
- photo by George Paul.
Each of the Chapel Island, Membertou, Waycobah, Eskasoni and Wagmatcook First Nations of Cape Breton also have a special interest in the plight of Atlantic salmon and each has partnered in past salmon assessment activities. In 2001, Wagmatcook First Nation continued its involvement in surveys of juvenile salmon in the Middle and Baddeck rivers. However, in 2001, their usual assistance in the fall swim-through surveys of adult salmon in the same rivers was precluded by low water.
At the Mactaquac Biodiversity Facility in New Brunswick, an apprenticeship program continued for three Kingsclear First Nation graduates of the aquaculture program at the St. Andrews Community College. St. Mary's First Nation also continued to share in the training of an assistant fish culture technician and Oromocto First Nation assisted in important juvenile salmon marking activities. Kingsclear and Oromocto First Nations assisted in the deployment and operation of the Nashwaak River adult salmon counting fence.
Fisheries staff of Oromocto First Nation pause during
installation of a portable "fence" to capture adult Atlantic
salmon - photo by Ross Jones.
In the summer of 2001, the following communities of the Saint John River basin were involved in the electrofishing surveys of juvenile salmon:
Also in 2001, Woodstock and Kingsclear First Nations assisted in salmon research/monitoring activities on the "endangered" Big Salmon River population of Atlantic salmon. Oromocto First Nation assisted in the monitoring of salmon smolts on the Nashwaak River and Fort Folly First Nation on the Petitcodiac River, made significant commitments for 2002 to monitor and conduct research on Atlantic salmon in several nearby inner Bay of Fundy rivers.
Other initiatives at BIO in 2001 included:
Cooperative research and integrating traditional knowledge with science in the spirit of peace and friendship will continue to be a priority at BIO and Mactaquac.
- Peter Cranford , Shelley Armsworthy, Kenneth Lee, Tim Milligan, Kee Muschenheim (Marine Environmental Sciences Division [DFO]), Charles Hannah, John Loder (Ocean Sciences Division [DFO]), Michael Li, Gary Sonnichsen, and Edward King (Geological Survey of Canada - Atlantic [NRCan])
Offshore oil and gas operations off the east coast of Canada have increased dramatically within the last decade, and are expanding to include shallow coastal and deep slope waters (Fig. 1). Environmental factors such as ice, waves, currents, and seabed structure and stability can greatly affect these activities. Conversely, there is also the potential that some oil and gas activities may impact the environment. DFO and NRCan have an ongoing research program, largely supported by the federal Program for Energy Research and Development, to study the potential impacts of discharges into the environment and environmental factors that affect oil and gas activities.
Potential environmental impacts associated with the exposure of marine organisms to low-level operational waste discharges are an ongoing concern. Drilling wastes (spent drilling mud and well cuttings) are the primary concern during exploration and development operations, while produced water recovered from the hydrocarbon bearing strata is the highest volume waste generated during production. Produced water may contain elevated concentrations of metals, nutrients, radionuclides, hydrocarbons, and trace amounts of chemical agents. A multidisciplinary research program has been initiated by DFO to study the environmental pathways, transport rate, and ultimate fate and effects of drilling and production wastes.
Figure 1. Map of the eastern Canadian shelf showing areas
where licences have been issued for oil and gas exploration
and production.
Flocculation (the adhesion of smaller particles to form large particles) and surface adsorption (the adhesion of small particles to larger particles and/or droplets) are important processes in the transport of material in the ocean. Laboratory studies of the behaviour of fine drilling waste particles in seawater suggest that flocculation could result in the rapid transport of this material to the seafloor. This is in contrast to the previous view that these particles settle too slowly to accumulate to levels that can impact benthic organisms. While dissolved contaminants are expected to rapidly dilute with seawater to harmless levels, potential toxic metals in produced water were observed to transform from dissolved to particulate forms that settled rapidly. Studies also showed that buoyant oil droplets in produced water could sequester particles on their surface. These studies demonstrate the importance of aggregation processes that mediate the rapid transport of contaminants to both the surface microlayer and the seabed (Fig. 2). New sampling methods have been developed at BIO to study waste dispersion around drilling platforms. Application of these technologies has revealed that elevated concentrations of drilling wastes occasionally exist on and above the seafloor around drilling platforms. However, elevated concentrations appear to be transient (days to months) as the wastes are eventually dispersed by currents and waves.
Given these new insights into the fate of waste discharges, laboratory studies are being conducted to assess the potential impact on selected marine organisms. Scallops feed on particles in an area immediately above the seafloor, the benthic boundary layer, where wastes can accumulate. Exposure to different drilling wastes showed that important biological effects can result at waste levels that are lower than previously reported for other species tested. Observed impacts on growth and reproduction were not caused by waste toxicity, but resulted from fine waste particles interfering with the animals' ability to feed. Research is currently in progress to assess the utility of deploying caged scallops around drilling platforms to verify laboratory observations and to monitor impacts at offshore drilling sites. Laboratory biotests with produced water from the Scotian Shelf showed that the toxicity of produced water was altered as a result of chemical changes that occur following its discharge. Toxicity was associated with both dissolved and particulate fractions. Preliminary studies suggest that chemical components within produced water, such as inorganic nutrients and hydrocarbons, may stimulate the rates of primary production and/or induce changes in microbial communities in offshore waters.
Figure 2. Major processes controlling the environmental
fate of wastes from offshore oil and gas drilling and
production activities.
To determine the potential trajectories and dispersion of operational wastes at drilling sites, the research program has included a quantitative description of the physical environment. Data from current moorings have been used to develop comprehensive three-dimensional circulation models of the eastern Canadian continental shelf. A benthic boundary layer transport model was developed to use information on the currents, the bottom stress, and the settling velocity of the drilling mud to calculate the fate of waste discharges. Model predictions have been integrated with results of biological and chemical studies to assess the risk of environmental impacts resulting from offshore oil and gas developments. The model has recently been modified to include an improved representation of the combined effects of currents and waves on the fate of drilling wastes. We have also included a simple model of flocculation and break-up processes to allow the settling rate of wastes to adjust to local environmental conditions. Evaluations of the reliability of models are ongoing, including comparisons with industry observations of waste distributions.
Figure 3. Multibeam image showing sand ridges and
instrument deployment transects (white lines) on Sable Island
Bank. The black line is a section of gas pipeline running
through the area.
Another important environmental concern for offshore oil and gas developments is the presence of seabed geohazards. These include difficult foundation conditions (for example, weak sediment strata, mass failures, shallow gas, faults, and bouldery till), and geologic processes that may alter seabed stability (e.g. sediment transport and erosion, and seabed iceberg scouring). Detailed knowledge of these seabed stability issues and processes is critical to pipeline routing, drilling site selection, safe and cost-effective engineering designs, and the protection of offshore structures and the environment. Geological coring and sampling, geophysical and multibeam surveys, sediment transport measurements, and modeling are all used to identify and assess the nature of seabed instabilities and geologic processes which pose constraints to offshore hydrocarbon developments.
Cutting-edge instruments have been deployed on Sable Island Bank to measure flow intensity, seabed scouring, sediment transport, and mobility of small to medium scale bedforms during storms. Instrument deployments have been combined with repetitive sidescan and multibeam surveys to understand the morphology, sediment transport processes, and migration of sand ridges (Fig. 3). Geological studies have compiled a detailed database of surface and subsurface sediment features on Sable Island Bank. Past glacial events and related changes in sea level have given rise to a complex suite of shallow marine sand and clay bodies. Shallow gas manifests as small pockets or widespread zones, and tends to be concentrated in specific geologic settings. Mass sediment failure events were found to be rare, except on the outer slope.
Iceberg scour research has focused on the northeastern sector of Grand Banks. A database of almost 6000 scour features (distribution, dimensions, and occurrence frequency) has been compiled. A study was conducted to document the seabed effects of scouring icebergs and to provide insights into the processes and rates of scour decay. Nine grounding sites were surveyed using sidescan sonar, sub-bottom profiler, a remotely operated vehicle, and towed cameras. These surveys provide case histories for iceberg impacts and form a unique and comprehensive data set.
Research conducted at BIO on these topics and other environmental factors, such as sea ice and waves, enhances our ability to address environmental issues expressed by clients related to offshore oil and gas operations. The knowledge obtained forms the basis for codes, standards, regulations, and advice. This knowledge is designed to reduce costs to industry while protecting the public, workers, and the environment from the effects of energy related activities.
- Jason Naug
The Sable Gully (the Gully) is the largest submarine canyon in eastern North America. In recent years, the ecological characteristics of the area have attracted the attention of a number of government and non-governmental organizations. To evaluate these characteristics and associated conservation and management requirements, the Oceans and Coastal Management Division (OCMD) is assessing the Gully under the criteria of DFO's Marine Protected Area (MPA) Program. This work has been supported by extensive scientific investigations into the Gully ecosystem.
Physical setting
Bisecting the Sable Island Bank and Banquereau, the Gully is
located approximately 200 km southeast of Nova Scotia on the
eastern Scotian Shelf. The Gully can be divided into two
general areas, the trough and the canyon. The trough is
characterized as a wide (30 km x 70 km), and relatively
shallow basin, on the northern portion of the Gully linking
it to the inner shelf. The canyon is a narrower feature (10
km x 40 km) extending into the continental slope and
characterized by steep slopes and a depth of over 2 km at its
mouth. Many of the physical characteristics of the Gully have
important implications for local circulation, nutrient
fluxes, sediment dynamics, and the distribution and structure
of biological communities. These communities include a wide
diversity of species ranging from deep sea corals to shallow
and deep water fish, pelagic seabirds, and 13 species of
whales and dolphins, including a significant and vulnerable
population of northern bottlenose whales.
Multibeam bathymetry of Sable Gully (from G.B. J. Fader
and J.Strang, in association with the Geological Survey of
Canada, Natural Resources Canada, the Canadian Hydrographic
Service Oceans and Environment Branch of DFO and the offshore
exploration industry).
DFO's Marine Protected Areas Program
In 1998, DFO produced a Conservation Strategy for the Gully based on a review of the
current science, a description of conservation issues, and
stakeholder viewpoints. The overall objective of the strategy
is to, "conserve and protect the natural biological diversity
and integrity of the Sable Gully ecosystem to ensure its
long-term health and sustainable use". The conservation
strategy included a recommendation that the Gully
(encompassing approximately 1850 km2) be identified as an
Area of Interest (AOI) in the Marine Protected Area (MPA)
Program under the Oceans Act.
Assessing the Gully as a potential MPA requires that DFO and the oceans community work together in a multi-step planning process outlined in the 1998 draft national framework for MPA establishment released by DFO.
MPA designation under Canada's Oceans Act is the ultimate goal for this challenging offshore site. Canadian approaches to establishing offshore MPAs remain developmental and untested. In this regard, the Gully initiative is providing a valuable learning experience for DFO, other regulators, maritime industries, researchers, and non-government organizations (NGOs).
Management activities
To evaluate the Gully as an Area of Interest under the
Marine Protected Area Program, the OCMD has lead a number of
activities including:
Science activities
In addition to research by Dalhousie University, DFO
Maritimes Region has undertaken a program of scientific
activities to provide a scientific basis for decision making
in the planning and management process. In 1998, a review
team of DFO, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), university,
and non-governmental scientists met to review existing
information, describe the ecosystem of the Gully and
surrounding area, and characterize any special features.
Major scientific disciplines participated and the
contributions were reviewed by the Maritimes Regional
Advisory Process. Many of the important characteristics of
the Gully were identified and the need for further research
highlighted to better characterize and understand the Gully
ecosystem.
In 1999, as a result of this review, two years of research on the Gully began at BIO. This multidisciplinary effort included research into multibeam bathymetry, geology, benthic assemblages and habitats, patterns of epifaunal biomass and respiration, seasonal circulation and tidal currents, tidal mixing, nutrient chemistry, seasonal plankton production, and the seasonal abundance and distribution of plankton communities. This research was reviewed at a workshop held in May 2001, and has been a major contribution to advancing the understanding of the Gully ecosystem. The workshop report will be released in early 2002. Research is ongoing to understand the interconnections between ecosystem elements and the potential impacts of human activities.
Summary
The Gully's important physical processes and biological
communities have been formally recognized by nomination to
DFO's MPA Program. As a candidate MPA in the offshore, the
Gully attempts to address issues related to the protection of
benthic habitat, marine mammals, and biodiversity, and also
provides a learning experience for DFO and other
stakeholders. The OCMD has been facilitating the MPA process
through engaging stakeholders, monitoring and assessing uses,
and management planning. This work has been supported by
scientific research by BIO staff and has provided
opportunities for multidisciplinary collaboration among
scientists, ocean planners, and managers. The research on
this large-scale ecosystem has expanded our knowledge of deep
ocean science, and has provided a basis for management of the
area.
- SIMBOL (Science for Integrated Management of the Bras d'Or Lakes)
- Gary Bugden, Ed Horne, and Brian Petrie (Ocean Sciences [DFO]),Tim Lambert (Marine Fish [DFO]), Barry Hargrave, Tim Milligan, Peter Strain, and Phil Yeats (Marine Environmental Sciences [DFO]), Ken Paul (Canadian Hydrographic Service [DFO]), David Piper, John Shaw, and Bob Taylor (Geological Survey of Canada [NRCan]), Janice Raymond (Policy and Economics [DFO]), and John Tremblay (Invertebrate Fisheries [DFO])
The Bras d'Or Lakes, situated in central Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, make up the last, nearly pristine, saltwater inland sea on the east coast of North America. The unique Bras d'Or Lakes ecosystem retains much of its original purity, but is increasingly threatened by the demands of a growing local population and the need for economic development. Several years ago, it became apparent that a coordinated effort was required to help stakeholders and regulators reach general agreement on the best mix of conservation, sustainable resource use, and economic development to maintain a healthy ecosystem in the lakes. Under the authority of the Oceans Act, DFO provides specialized information, scientific and technical advice, and research on the coastal marine environment that is needed to develop integrated management plans.
Recovering a sediment trap from the waters of the Bras
d'Or Lakes. The trap has been moored upright beneath the
water surface for about six months. The small bottles visible
at the bottom of the trap contain samples of the particles
falling through the water collected during pre-programmed
intervals.
One of the first steps in defining the scientific research required for Integrated Management of the lakes was taken in March 1996 when the Cape Breton First Nations communities organized an Ecological Research and Monitoring Workshop. As a result of this workshop, several small programs were initiated at BIO. However, it was apparent that an expanded research program was necessary. In October 1999, a second workshop outlined broadened research goals for the lakes. A Memorandum of Understanding between DFO and the Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources (a co-operative venture of the five Mi'kmaw bands of Cape Breton), for the use of a research vessel was signed at this workshop. Additional details are contained in the article on Partnering between First Nations and DFO Science and Oceans and Environment Branches earlier in this section of the report. Subsequent discussions have focussed on determining the scientific programs required to address the concerns raised at the 1999 workshop.
Compact Airborne Spectral Imager (CASI) image of a small
portion of the Bras d'Or Lakes showing delineation of
underwater features in depths of 5-10 m. These features will
be associated with benthic habitat types through ground truth
studies and comparison with multibeam sonar data
As a result of the workshop, a number of multi-disciplinary programs that span divisions, branches and government departments are underway at BIO and several more are in the planning stages. These include an ecosystem baseline study, benthic habitat mapping employing multibeam sonar combined with aircraft remote sensing, and the maintenance of an instrumented mooring in the deepest part of the lakes. The ecosystem study will permit a comparison between the Bras d'Or Lakes and nearby continental shelf ecosystems as well as describing the timing and extent of seasonal production cycles and the distribution and abundance of major populations within the lakes. The mapping project will delineate sensitive habitats and help plan future sampling programs. The mooring will provide information on physical, chemical, and biological processes during the winter and early spring. Another project of interest is the preparation of a public monograph, describing the oceanography of the lakes. This publication will include chapters on the ecology of the lakes, the invertebrates, and the demographics of the surrounding population. In addition, there will be chapters on the general physics, chemistry, geology, and coastal morphology of the lakes.
The readily accessible waters of the Bras d'Or Lakes provide an area for the application of existing tools and methods as well as an excellent natural laboratory for innovative research and the development of new scientific techniques. The enclosed nature of the lakes provides more control over experimental variables than is possible in other regions. A wide variety of conditions can be found, ranging from high currents with oceanic temperatures and salinities to quiet brackish backwaters.
At each of the Bras d'Or Lakes ecosystem workshops, a common theme was more community involvement and the prompt public dissemination of research results. Each of the projects presently underway is attempting to involve the local community as much as possible, particularly through cooperation with the Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources and the River Denys Watershed Group.
These research initiatives, combined with proper ecosystem-based management, will help ensure that future generations will be able to enjoy the unique ecosystem of the Bras d'Or Lakes.
- Ginette Robert and the Canadian Offshore Scallop Industry Mapping Group1
There have been progressive changes for the offshore scallop industry lately. Multibeam technologies combined with satellite tracking and better monitoring tools on scallop stocks have changed the way this industry operates and how the resource is managed. Fishing efficiency has improved. Resource management has been refined with greater insight provided on the distribution of scallop beds and habitat.
The offshore scallop license holders have formed the Canadian Offshore Scallop Industry Mapping Group (COSIMG), which includes five of the seven offshore companies. COSIMG partnered with the Canadian Hydrographic Service and the Geological Survey of Canada to map areas of commercial interest with multibeam technology. With these data, three-dimensional bathymetric charts, geological charts, and sediment maps of commercial scallop fishing areas were created.
A traditional hydrographic chart provides little information other than depth to a captain; personal knowledge of the area may be a more reliable guide. However, a three-dimensional bathymetric chart in the captain's toolbox allows him to avoid seabed hazards, reduce the area of sea bottom fished, and consequently, reduce by-catch of non-target species (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Using a three-dimensional bathymetric chart of
Browns Bank, a captain is able to alter course during tows to
avoid rough bottom and obstacles that could damage the
gear.
Because of this initiative, industry-driven changes have resulted in important benefits. Attitudes have shifted among participants and relationships have improved as a result of closer working arrangements with scientists and fishery managers.
Significant increases in efficiency have been achieved through the implementation of multibeam technology, reducing the amount of effort required to catch each tonne of scallop meat. Other benefits in efficiency and for the marine environment are presented in the following table:
Advantage of multibeam mapping imagery
For one tonne of scallop meat:
| Without imagery | With imagery | Reduction | |
| Fishing effort | 6.37 hours | 2.41 hours | 62% |
For a scallop quota of 13,640 kilos:
| Before imagery | With imagery | Reduction | |
| Time gear on bottom | 162 hours | 43 hours | 73% |
| Area of bottom towed | 1,176 km² | 311 km² | 74% |
| Fuel usage | 27,697 liters | 17,545 liters | 36% |
Because scallops grow best on certain bottom types, maps were produced from the multibeam data. The effects of these new maps on the scallop fishery have yet to be quantified although benefits to the operation of the fishery and to habitat conservation are beginning to show.
Figures 2 and 3 show fishing operations over the same scallop bed, one year apart, before and after a sediment map was available. In 1999 (Figure 2), a vessel made four 20-minute tows for an average of 20 bushels of scallops per tow. Displayed against the sediment map, the tows passed over two bottom types of which only one was prime scallop habitat. However, the captain was unaware that segments of the tows over the light blue-gray areas meant lost time, wasted fuel, and lower catch-rate.
Figure 2. Path of four 20-minute tows on a scallop bed in
1999.
In 2000, with the new charts (Figure 3), the captain was able to target only the scallop habitat and caught 70 bushels of scallops in one tow. The tow covered a smaller area of the bottom and resulted in less by-catch of non-target species. The geological maps may help to identify potentially sensitive habitats that the scallop fleet could avoid.
Figure 3. The new chart of the scallop bed available to
the captain in 2000.
The new mapping technology is also used in the management and stock assessment of the scallop fishery. From managing a fishing area such as Browns Bank, it will soon be possible to micro-manage a scallop bed. Stock assessment is moving toward defining the area of distribution and species abundance on a much finer scale. Determining the health of a scallop bed requires integrated monitoring programs on the catch and refining the sampling design for stock surveys. While monitoring tools are being developed, scallop stock surveys are distinctly focusing on scallop habitat. Scallops prefer gravelly bottoms to a mixture of gravel and sand. They may be five times more abundant on gravel than on gravel with a thin layer of sand (Figure 4). Considering scallop-preferred habitat while allocating survey tows on Browns Bank has reduced the coefficient of variation in the estimated number of scallops per tow by 33% compared to the traditional allocation design.
Figure 4. Number of scallops per survey tow according to
bottom types grouped in 5-mm shell height intervals
(x-axis).
1 The Canadian Offshore Scallop Industry Mapping Group (COSIMG) consists of the following companies: Adams & Knickle Limited, Clearwater Fine Foods Incorporated, Comeau's Sea Foods Limited, LaHave Seafoods Limited, and Scotia Trawler Equipment Limited.
- Bob O'Boyle, Mike Sinclair, and Faith Scattolon
With the passage of the Oceans Act in 1997, Canada became one of the first countries in the world to make a legislative commitment to a comprehensive approach for the protection and development of oceans and coastal waters. Over the past century, agencies involved in managing oceans activities have typically been concerned with managing a single species or a single activity. Too often, resource development has proceeded independently in various sectors, without full consideration of long-term, direct and indirect social, economic, and environmental impacts. In contrast, the principles guiding oceans and coastal management under the Oceans Act include ecosystem-based management, sustainable development, the precautionary approach, conservation, shared responsibility, flexibility, and inclusiveness.
One of the major challenges facing us is to make the ecosystem-based approach, envisaged under the Oceans Act, a reality. Since 1997, the DFO Maritimes Region has been at the forefront of efforts to both interpret the Oceans Act and implement 'Integrated Management' of Canada's oceans. The first significant initiative was the Oceans Challenge Conference in February 1999, organized by the then Ocean Act Coordination Office (OACO), and held in Sydney, Nova Scotia. A general outline of what was needed to implement the Oceans Act rapidly became apparent. Ocean Management Areas (OMAs) would be required and within these, all ocean industries would be governed by a common set of ecosystem-level objectives, including the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem productivity. New governance structures would also be needed to supplement those that already existed. This conference set the stage for many subsequent developments on Integrated Management, both regionally and nationally.
The Sydney conference focused on the new requirements for DFO for Oceans Act implementation, however, the need for outreach to those who depend upon the ocean for their livelihood was recognized as the next step. Therefore, in August 1999, a workshop was organized in Truro, Nova Scotia to discuss the implications of the Oceans Act for the fishing industry. Representatives from DFO management and science, provincial governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and all sectors of the fishing industry discussed the concerns and issues to be addressed and activities to be jointly undertaken to implement Integrated Management. One of the key messages from the workshop was the need to take an incremental approach to change.
The initial steps focused on the concepts of Integrated Management, but now it was time to determine the detailed scientific requirements. To develop and test the approaches under the Oceans Act, a number of initiatives had already been started across the country. In 1998, the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) project was initiated. This was the first offshore Integrated Management intiative under the Oceans Act. In June 2000, a science workshop was held at BIO to discuss the objectives, indicators, and reference points that would guide the conservation objectives of ESSIM. Experts were invited from Australia and the United States, nations who are active in attempting to implement an ecosystem approach to management. The workshop initiated scientific dialogue on the technical requirements of Integrated Management.
One of the main products of the ESSIM workshop was a framework for setting conservation objectives that did not exist at a national level. Those developed in the Maritimes Region were thought to have potential for national application. Therefore, in June 2000, the approach to Integrated Management developed at the ESSIM workshop was presented to DFO's National Policy Committee. The committee endorsed the approach and tasked a national working group with moving the objectives from the conceptual (for example, conservation of the diversity of Canada's ocean ecosystems) to the operational level. A national workshop of DFO scientists and managers was organized in Sidney, BC to further explore the conservation objectives of an ecosystem approach and discuss how these could be implemented. The DFO Maritimes Region was influential in organizing and conducting this successful workshop which established the basis for implementation of ecosystem-based management throughout Canada. It confirmed the need to conserve ecosystem diversity (at the community, species, and population level) and productivity (at the base of the food chain, and of ecologically linked and commercially targeted populations). It also recognized the need to conserve the physical and chemical properties of habitat. Further, the workshop outlined a means to make objectives operational. Finally, the workshop explored how the many indicators and reference points of Integrated Management could be incorporated into one overall assessment framework.
DFO Maritimes Region has been influential in the formative years of ecosystem-based management within Canada. Further national initiatives are being planned to advance the agenda of the Oceans Act, with scientists of the region playing important roles. The next step will be to 'road test' many of the principles discussed and debated. In the Maritimes Region, ESSIM will be the focus of this testing, and the experience gained in ESSIM, and similar projects across this country, will allow Canada to fully meet the intent and aims of that truly unique piece of legislation - the Canada Oceans Act.
- Chad Ziai and Shayne McQuaid
The objective of the Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat is to achieve a net gain in the productive capacity any work authorizations granted by the CNSOPB must undergo anadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA) nd must undergo either a Comprehensive Study Habitat Management Division (HMD) continues to support stewardship and habitat restoration projects.
In the fiscal year 2000-2001, approximately 225,000 m² of fish habitat was restored in Nova Scotian rivers. These fish habitat improvement projects were conducted by watershed management groups with advice from HMD. Types of projects included: in-stream habitat improvement structures, bank stabilization, water quality monitoring and improvement programs, development of watershed management plans, community education programs, and riparian zone re-planting. Three specific HMD stewardship initiatives are described below.
Habitat restoration: shoreline stabilization.
Salmon River (Clare) Project
The pH levels of waterways in southwestern Nova Scotia are
extremely low due to acid precipitation. This is aggravated
by the poor buffering capacity of the local geologic
formation and soils. Acidic waters are detrimental to fish
survival within the affected river systems. Projects to
neutralize waterways have been attempted in the past through
the application of limestone to winter ice or the placement
of limestone behind in-stream restoration structures. These
methods have had varying levels of success. The main problems
are the high cost of obtaining and shipping the limestone,
the intensive labour required to place the limestone in the
waterways, and the tendency of the limestone to be washed
downstream away from the intended area.C
alcium kiln dust (CKD), a by-product of the cement-making process, has recently been presented as a plausible alternative to limestone. CKD is inexpensive, and believed to be effective in neutralizing watercourses in concentrations as low as 7 parts per million. The trial project calls for the CKD to be applied using an automated hopper, thus greatly reducing the labour involved. LaFarge Canada has offered to supply and deliver the necessary quantities of CKD to carry out a trial neutralization project. This DFO initiative has been implemented in partnership with other government departments, private corporations, angling associations, development agencies, educational institutions, and community groups. The project will be used to determine the viability of CKD as a liming option and this method may be adapted to other parts of the region where similar problems exist.
Central Colchester Model Watershed Committee
The work of the Central Colchester Model Watershed Committee
(CCMWC) represents the first completely integrated watershed
management model attempted by HMD within Nova Scotia. CCMWC
was developed to take a holistic or ecosystem approach to
watershed planning and management for the Salmon River
Watershed. The committee consists of 22 partners including
DFO, other government departments, private corporations,
development agencies, educational institutions, forest
industry representatives, First Nations, and community
participants. CCMWC is currently developing a watershed
management plan funded by DFO's Oceans and Environment Branch
as part of their integrated management approach for coastal
communities. This watershed management plan will assess the
value of all natural resources within the watershed, how
those resources are currently being used, and where
inappropriate uses are leading to pollution and other
environmental degradation. Using that information, the plan
will then identify stakeholders within the watershed, and
ways that they can begin to work in partnership to solve
resource use problems. The CCMWC model project will
complement the Nova Scotia Department of Environment and
Labour's watershed stewardship initiatives and can serve as a
model for other communities.
Water quality monitoring and improvement.
Denys Basin: A pilot project to restore a watershed on the
Bras d'Or Lakes
The Denys Basin has been chosen as a pilot area for a
watershed management initiative. The project started in 1997
when concerns were expressed about the water quality in the
River Denys Basin. Oyster beds were being closed, due in part
to fecal coliform pollution, in what was traditionally one of
the most productive oyster areas in Nova Scotia.
Habitat enhancement: rock sill structure.
A number of programs are currently underway in the Denys Basin, with more planned for 2002. The Eskasoni Fish and Wildlife Commission and Environment Canada are carrying out a water sampling program and a shoreline survey to identify potential sources of pollution in the watershed. A survey has been undertaken to assess the potential value of shellfish if the closed areas could be reopened, and a resource survey is planned to collect information regarding the chemistry and currents within the basin. Mapping the bottom habitats began in 1999 and will continue through 2002. Placement of in-stream habitat improvement structures including rock sills, digger logs, fording sites, and bank stabilization structures began on Big Brook with the assistance of Georgia Pacific Corporation.
A wide range of organizations and community groups are committed to the project and its long-term goal of cleaning up the Bras d'Or Lakes. Equally important, the Denys Basin initiative is a pilot project from which experiences and results can be applied to other projects in the region.
- Julia McCleave
Since the decision to proceed with the Sable Offshore Energy Project, oil and gas exploration and development in Nova Scotia's offshore has increased considerably. DFO plays an important role in both the regulation of, and research into, oil and gas exploration and development. The Oceans and Environment Branch is the lead for DFO in providing advice on the oil and gas file but it is very much a team effort with all branches and divisions involved in the many different issues related to this growing industry.
Several oil and gas exploration, development, and pipeline export system projects are currently underway or being proposed for Nova Scotia's offshore. There has been a four-fold increase in oil and gas exploration and development activity from 2000 to 2001. In June 2001, the Call for Bids for nine parcels of land resulted in total bids in excess of $527 million. The Sable Offshore Energy Project has committed $1 billion to its Tier II phase that will add three new unmanned platforms to its operations in the near future. In February 2001, PanCanadian Energy announced it had made a significant gas discovery after drilling several exploration wells under the Panuke oil fields. The Deep Panuke Offshore Gas Development Project Description was submitted to the Canada - Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board (CNSOPB) in July 2001. This project, representing a work commitment of over $2 billion, is currently undergoing the environmental assessment review process with production forecast to begin in the first quarter of 2005.
DFO plays an important role in the regulatory process of oil and gas exploration and development. Many work authorizations granted by the CNSOPB must undergo an environmental assessment. DFO reviews many of these assessments in terms of impacts to fish and fish habitat as well as navigation. All offshore production projects trigger the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA) and must undergo either a Comprehensive Study or Panel Study. For many of these projects (like Deep Panuke), DFO is a "Responsible Authority" and is involved in the entire regulatory process of that particular project. Finally, the CNSOPB sometimes develops class screening or generic assessments in order to streamline the regulatory process. DFO plays an important role in developing and reviewing these documents.
Scientists at DFO are conducting scientific research on the impacts of oil and gas exploration and development and providing scientific advice to the regulatory process. Much remains to be investigated in this area, such as the impacts of seismic activity on fish and fish larvae, the mapping of sensitive fish habitat in the offshore, and the impacts of contaminants on the marine biota. Scientists at BIO are also playing a major role in research of environmental factors such as sea ice, waves, winds, currents, seabed stability, and ocean climate variations that affect offshore oil and gas activities.
Jim Dickey, CNSOPB and Neil Bellefontaine, DFO signing
the MOU July 2001.
Several working groups and committees related to oil and gas have recently been formed at BIO:
In July 2001, DFO and the CNSOPB signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and Work Plan. The intent of the MOU is: to facilitate and promote sound management of activities and measures related to the oil and gas industry; to ensure the conservation and protection of fish species and their habitat, promote biodiversity, and protect the marine environment; and to ensure safe navigation. These documents form the basis of a strong working relationship between DFO and the CNSOPB.
The growth in the offshore oil and gas industry represents a significant increase in workload that will continue to grow along with the industry. DFO expects an increase in requests for advice and expertise from the CNSOPB and the industry and remains a critical player in this field.
- Jerry Conway and John Loch
In 2001, the Species at Risk Office has co-ordinated a number of initiatives that contribute to the federal/provincial Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk, and Environment Canada's Habitat Stewardship Program. These programs are designed to help the recovery of species identified as being at risk of extinction. Specifically, the focus has been on the North Atlantic right whale and the leatherback turtle, both listed as endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Other species listed by COSEWIC as endangered and under review at the Species at Risk Office, are the inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon and the Atlantic whitefish.
In developing these initiatives, MASARO has consulted with provincial governments, stakeholders, and with interests in the United States (including the Federal Government) as a number of these species are considered to be transboundary by virtue of their migratory patterns.
Accomplishments
The North Atlantic right whale is considered the world's
most endangered large whale. The existing population of
approximately 300 animals frequents the waters of Atlantic
Canada during the summer months including the Bay of Fundy
and Roseway Basin on the Scotian Shelf. The proximity of
these whales to shore provides an excellent opportunity to
study their natural life processes. The goal of this research
is to develop a better understanding of why the right whale
population has not recovered to a sustainable level despite
international protection since 1935.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, in partnership with World Wildlife Fund (Canada), brought together a number of stakeholders and interested parties to develop a Recovery Plan for the North Atlantic right whale. The plan made 42 recommendations that may lead to the species' eventual recovery. These recommendations deal with ship strikes, entanglement in fishing gear, human-related disturbances, habitat degradation, population monitoring, and research. To the extent possible, Canadian initiatives are complimentary to the U.S. Right Whale Recovery Plan for this transboundary species.
To co-ordinate the recovery program and to implement the recommendations, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, through the Species at Risk Office, established and funded the "North Atlantic Right Whale Implementation Team". This team is made up of federal and provincial representatives as well as stakeholders; it identifies and priorizes projects, reviews project proposals, and identifies resources required to carry out the projects.
Meeting of the North Atlantic Right Whale Implementation
Team, November 2001.
In 2001, projects have focused on mitigating ship strikes, fishing gear entanglements, education, and outreach. Under the auspices of the Implementation Team, the Ship Strike and Fishing Gear working groups have been established. Projects developed by the working groups were funded in part through Environment Canada's Habitat Stewardship Program.
The Ship Strike Working Group has focused on potential changes to the shipping lanes in the Bay of Fundy and will be presenting a proposal at the 2002 International Maritime Organization meeting in the U.K. In addition, the working group is investigating the relevance of vessel speed as a contributing factor to right whale mortality.
In collaboration with U.S. fishing interests, the Fishing Gear Working Group has been working toward "whale-friendly" modifications to fixed fishing gear. They are also part of a whale advisory system that will allow the fishing industry to plan their day to day operations with knowledge of the location of local whale populations.
To augment these and other initiatives under the Recovery Strategy, a comprehensive education and outreach program has been developed with the participation of NGOs and stakeholders. MASARO has produced a North Atlantic Right Whale poster as part of the endangered species program and a booklet identifying commonly found marine mammals and sea turtles within the region.
The Nova Scotia Leatherback Turtle Working Group (NSLTWG), in collaboration with MASARO, and with funding assistance through Environment Canada's Habitat Stewardship Program, has continued its community outreach programs. This involved visiting fishing wharves and attending community events across Southwestern Nova Scotia, the Eastern Shore, and Cape Breton Island to raise awareness in the fishing communities about leatherback turtles. The NSLTWG also responded to three leatherback turtle stranding events. In August 2001, at the first international conference on Putting Fishers Knowledge to Work held at the University of British Columbia, the NSLTWG presented a paper describing the group's methodology for establishing a network of volunteer fishers to collect scientific data.
In the summer 2001, in collaboration with the Marine Fish Division of BIO, Dalhousie University's leatherback turtle satellite telemetry study team deployed 13 satellite tags on turtles along the Scotian Shelf. Male and female animals were tagged, and for the first time, subadults. Data collected to date revealed foraging behavior in disparate areas, including southerly portions of the Laurentian Channel and waters off New York and New Jersey. Depth-sensitive transmitters deployed on three turtles collected data that will contribute to enhanced understanding of leatherback diving behavior at high latitudes. Over the past two years, a total of 18 turtles have been tagged in waters off Nova Scotia.
- Jason Naug
While traditionally considered the domain of the fishing and marine transportation sectors, Canada's ocean space is becoming increasingly shared among a wider range of users, with new and potential uses on the horizon. These new uses may pose challenges related to use of physical space and have indirect effects on the quality of the marine environment on which other users depend. The Oceans and Coastal Management Division (OCMD) of DFO Maritimes Region has been working toward the management of both ocean resource use and space based on the principles and approaches contained in Canada's Oceans Act (1997). These include sustainable development, integrated management, precaution, an ecosystem approach, and collaboration. While all the principles and approaches articulated in the Act are essential to ensure a balanced consideration of social, economic and environmental values, integrated management and collaboration are particularly challenging in light of the multiple uses of our oceans. In addition to fishing and marine transportation, a description of some of the key offshore users follows.
Drilling rig near Sable Island (DFO).
Offshore oil and gas
Exploration for oil and gas in Nova Scotia's offshore has
expanded rapidly, resulting in an industry poised to provide
a significant role in Nova Scotia's economy. To date, over
300,000 km of seismic tracks have been surveyed and 173
exploratory wells have been drilled, costing an estimated $
4.6 billion between 1967 and 1997. Over the past decade more
than $ 1.5 billion has been tendered by petroleum companies
for 78,132 km² of petroleum license areas on the Scotian
Shelf - an area 40 % larger than Nova Scotia's landmass.
Technical summaries of significant and commercial discoveries
point to a potential resource of approximately 18 trillion
cubic feet of natural gas, 366 million barrels of condensate,
and 707 million barrels of oil. The activities of the
offshore oil and gas industry involve the use of ocean space
and may influence the ocean environment during exploration,
construction, production, and abandonment phases.
Potential ocean mining
Based on the known occurrences of mineral deposits on the
seabed of Nova Scotia, the potential for an offshore mineral
industry is currently being explored. The eastern Scotian
Shelf has been identified as being rich in large aggregate
(sand and gravel) deposits including extensive areas of >
95% silica sand. These minerals are becoming increasingly
required in large amounts for industries such as road
construction, with potential markets in the northeastern
United States and throughout Atlantic Canada. An Offshore
Minerals Management Initiative is currently being discussed
with the intent of making recommendations on the development
and management of offshore non-fuel minerals in Canada. While
an offshore ocean mining industry and associated management
regime are still in the planning stages, issues relating to
conflicts in ocean space, extraction methodologies, and
mitigation will all have to be addressed.
Submarine telecommunication cables
Marine communications is one of the fastest growing ocean
technology industries worldwide, driven by the demand
generated by Internet use and corporate data traffic. Today,
there are approximately 370,000 km of fibre-optic cable on
the seabed, with a global value of approximately $1 trillion
(US). The seabed of Canada's Atlantic continental shelf and
exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is being used increasingly for
the laying of submarine fibre-optic telecommunications cables
to Europe and the USA. There are currently six active
submarine cables on the Scotian Shelf, as well as the billion
dollar trans-Atlantic fibre-optic cable linking Boston, USA;
Halifax, Canada; Dublin, Ireland; and Liverpool, England.
There are also numerous inactive cables, and international
cables, that cross Canada's Atlantic continental shelf and
link the northeastern United States with Europe. The presence
of submarine cables off the coast of Nova Scotia has the
potential to impact, or be impacted by, industries such as
fishing whose gear may damage or be damaged by these cables.
The interaction between cables and fisheries is an issue of
increasing importance in the region.
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Submarine cable laying vessel (DFO).
Conservation and protection
Conservation and protection, including the creation of Marine
Protected Areas and other areas where productive or sensitive
area considerations take precedence, are becoming recognized
as legitimate forms of ocean use that compete for ocean space
and resources. Currently, DFO, Environment Canada, and
Heritage Canada (Parks Canada) are working toward designating
specific areas of ocean space for special protection through
their respective protected areas programs. The compatibility
of conservation and protection with other ocean uses may
vary, depending on the specific environmental objectives
being pursued for a given area.
Recreation and tourism
The tourism industry in Nova Scotia generates over $ 1
billion in revenues annually and is one of the top
contributors to the provincial economy. Activities in this
industry include many marine-related pursuits, such as whale
watching, sailing, saltwater fishing, and sea-kayaking. While
many of these activities occur primarily in coastal areas,
there have been recent increases in activity offshore,
including a growing cruise ship industry. Marine-related
tourism relies on both the accessibility and quality of the
marine environment.
.jpg)
Cruise ship (DFO).
Maritime defence
Canada's naval presence on the East Coast is provided through
Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT). The MARLANT area of
responsibility extends from the Canada-US boundary in the
Gulf of Maine to Greenland. The Department of National
Defence spending is one of the largest ocean-based
contributors to the Nova Scotian economy. Defence-related
activities include a wide range of domestic and national
operations. These include sovereignty patrols, maritime
surveillance, naval training and combat readiness, search and
rescue, naval route surveys, mine countermeasures,
humanitarian relief and aid to civil authorities, and
operational support to other government departments, such as
the RCMP (drug law enforcement) and DFO (fisheries patrols).
To undertake these activities, marine vessels and equipment
are employed that occupy ocean space, often exclusively, and
have the potential to affect the oceanic environment.
HMCS Athabaskan.
Other uses
In addition to the major ocean uses identified above, there
is a range of uses that occur on a smaller scale or are still
in the early developmental stages. These include physical and
biological scientific oceanographic research, a rapidly
growing coastal aquaculture industry which may expand
offshore, and an oceans technology industry involved in areas
such as ocean charting and survival training. Other uses that
arise, may do so unexpectedly and will need to be
accommodated amongst the existing marine users.
Bulk carrier (DFO).
Challenges
The OCMD is addressing several key challenges arising from
the application of the Oceans Act to the management of this
diverse range of marine users. There is a need to ensure that
the integrated management and planning processes, including
the collection and assimilation of scientific data and
meaningful stakeholder participation, are keeping pace with
the rate at which offshore sectors are developing. In
addition, the diversity of marine users results in potential
for conflicts in both space and time. Identifying and working
together to moderate these conflicts will be essential,
whether they occur between or within sectors, and where the
sharing of marine space may be partially or wholly
incompatible. Finally, a process to prioritize activities and
define the information required for decision making is needed
to ensure a balance of the social, economic, and
environmental values of all the sectors involved. To these
ends, the OCMD is currently leading, facilitating, and
participating in several ocean management projects. These
include the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management and
Bras d'Or Lakes initiatives and the Sable Gully candidate
marine protected area. These projects involve other
government departments, user groups, and the public to
identify issues, coordinate regulatory processes, create
governance structures and undertake planning that will ensure
a balanced and equitable management process for all users.
Clam dragging vessel (DFO).
- Jason Naug
Background
The DFO Maritimes Region, Oceans and Coastal Management
Division (OCMD) is leading in the development of Canada's
first Ocean Management Area with an offshore focus under the
Oceans Act. The Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management
(ESSIM) initiative addresses a requirement of the Oceans Act
that the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans "lead and
facilitate the development and implementation of plans for
the integrated management of all activities or measures in or
affecting estuaries, coastal waters and marine waters" (Part
II, Section 31). The eastern Scotian Shelf was chosen because
of its important living and non-living marine resources, high
biological diversity, and productivity. Additional reasons
for selecting this area included, the increasing levels of
multiple use and competition for ocean space and resources,
and its position relative to the Sable Gully Area of Interest
under DFO's Marine Protected Area Program. Key ocean uses
across the area include fisheries, oil and gas, shipping,
maritime defence operations, submarine cables, science,
research and development, recreation and tourism, marine
conservation, and potential offshore mineral development.
The objectives of the ESSIM initiative are to integrate the management of all activities across the area, encourage the conservation and responsible use of marine resources, support the maintenance of natural biological diversity and productivity, and foster opportunities for economic diversification and the generation of sustainable wealth. These objectives support the overall goal of designing an intergovernmental and multi-stakeholder management and planning process that develops and implements an integrated Oceans Management Plan for this large offshore marine area.
Activities
Since the formal announcement of the ESSIM initiative by the
DFO Minister in December 1998, the OCMD has undertaken a
number of key activities as part of the overall integrated
management and planning process. These include:
Definition of management area: The Eastern Scotian Shelf Oceans Management Area has been defined with an offshore focus and encompasses approximately 325,000 square kilometres. Its boundaries have been derived through a mix of ecological, human, political, and administrative criteria to encompass an offshore ecozone based on major oceanographic and bathymetric features. The ESSIM map shows that, the western and eastern boundaries correspond generally with NAFO Division 4VW, while the outer boundary extends beyond the 200 nautical miles Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). As the ESSIM initiative is focussed currently on offshore management and planning, the inner extent is defined by the 12 nautical mile territorial sea. In keeping with the dynamic nature of the planning process, the Oceans Management Area is expected to eventually cover the entire Scotian Shelf and to encompass a series of smaller, nested coastal management areas along the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia.
Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM)
Project (S. Johnston).
Use, issue, and regulatory overviews: Gaining an understanding of the human activities in or affecting the Ocean Management Area has been an essential component of the ESSIM process. The OCMD has been reviewing and analyzing the full range of activities and management approaches in the eastern Scotian Shelf area. This work has helped identify and understand the principal ocean activities and stakeholders involved and highlight the current regulatory, management, and legal frameworks in operation. Key oceans management issues include those related to multiple ocean use, marine resource management and conservation, marine and public safety, compliance and enforcement, and scientific research and development. The knowledge gained from these activities will assist in creating an overall Ocean Management Plan that considers all users and their needs and seeks greater regulatory efficiency.
Ecosystem overview: The ESSIM initiative has served as an important catalyst for improving our understanding of ecosystems and ecological processes in the eastern Scotian Shelf area. The initiative is providing opportunities to build and strengthen collaborative partnerships among scientists, ocean planners, and policy makers. The OCMD has recently reviewed the current state of knowledge of the Scotian Shelf ecosystems and is assisting in the development of ecosystem characterization approaches in support of the maintenance of diversity of ecosystem types in the region. In addition, DFO is developing and adopting objectives and indicators for ecosystem-based management and is involved in a number of related science initiatives. Highlights of this ongoing work include:
Stakeholder engagement: One of the key activities and challenges for the ESSIM initiative has been the engagement of the numerous and diverse oceans interests involved in the area. The main focus for the OCMD has been to build support and capacity within DFO, with other levels of government, and the broader oceans community. The Maritimes Region Federal Interdepartmental Committee on Oceans includes representation from all federal oceans-related departments, boards and agencies and has provided a useful forum for exchange of information on the ESSIM initiative.
In January 2001, a Federal-Provincial ESSIM Working Group was established to move the initiative forward. The Working Group is comprised of over 20 oceans-related federal and provincial departments, agencies and boards, and provides an important forum to address policy, management, and regulatory co-ordination. Key activities of the Working Group have been issue identification and prioritization, completion of a federal-provincial regulatory overview, design of a collaborative management and planning process, development of a draft framework for the future Oceans Management Plan, and the implementation of a communication and engagement strategy for the initiative.
The OCMD has also continued to meet with stakeholders, including industry and resource user groups, First Nations, non-government organizations, community groups, academia, and the public. These meetings provide an opportunity to share information, identify and discuss oceans management issues, and facilitate involvement in the integrated management and planning process. Plans for the ESSIM initiative are focussed on establishing a multi-stakeholder ESSIM Forum that will facilitate information exchange among the groups involved and advise on the development, implementation, and operation of the Eastern Scotian Shelf Oceans Management Plan.
Summary
The OCMD is continuing to work with its partners to develop
an integrated approach to oceans management in the eastern
Scotian Shelf area. The initial stages of the ESSIM
initiative have been successful in building a strong
foundation for this long-term collaborative management and
planning process.
- Cindy Webster
Aquaculture is one of the world's fastest growing food production activities and presents an opportunity to provide high quality fish products to the world's food industry. The value of aquaculture to the economy of the Maritime Provinces is significant, particularly in coastal communities. Ninety percent of the production and processing jobs in the Canadian aquaculture industry are located in rural and coastal communities. Preliminary figures indicate that in 2000, aquaculture revenues totalled $271.2 million in New Brunswick and $43.5 million in Nova Scotia.(1)
In 1995, Fisheries and Oceans Canada was given the mandate as the lead federal agency for the aquaculture industry. The federal role in aquaculture was defined as enabling industry development, complementing the roles and responsibilities of industry, academia, provincial and territorial governments to enable a sustainable and environmentally sound aquaculture industry.
In 1999, aquaculture was identified as one of four policy renewal initiatives in DFO's strategic plan. The aquaculture policy has two key objectives: increase public confidence and increase the industry competitiveness.
In August 2000, the Honourable Herb Dhaliwal announced a $75 million investment over the next 5 years for the sustainable and environmentally sound development of Canada's aquaculture industry. Part of this funding was allocated for the establishment of the institutional structures within the federal government to support and respond to the development of aquaculture.
Marine aquaculture site - New Brunswick.
Although there had been an aquaculture co-ordination function within the region since 1995, the role of the office was significantly reduced during the federal government reductions in the 1996-97 period. The Aquaculture Co-ordination Office (ACO) was expanded in the Maritimes Region in the spring of 2000 as part of the policy renewal initiative. This policy and planning group is responsible for the co-ordination of regional policies and ensures a consistent approach throughout the Maritimes Region. The group also provides a seamless process within DFO for dealing with operational issues pertaining to the aquaculture industry. The ACO is a one-stop shop for DFO communications with the industry, the provinces, and the public. The office, located at BIO, has a staff of four and reports to the Associate Regional Director General. The ACO also has the responsibility to ensure that staff from all relevant DFO programs, including Science, Fisheries Management, Habitat Management, and the Coast Guard are consulted in response to aquaculture issues. Staff also work with other federal and provincial agencies with responsibilities for aquaculture. They participate or lead federal/provincial committees established under agreements on aquaculture development in N.B. and N.S., co-ordinate the review process within DFO on aquaculture site applications, and provide advice to the leasing/licensing authorities. Other responsibilities include the provision of recommendations on introductions or transfers of fish to be used in aquaculture and the co-ordination of requests by aquaculturists for broodstock/seedstock.
(1) Taken from: The Daily, September 27, 2001, Statistics Canada website at (www.statcan.ca/Daily).
- Joni Henderson, Jennifer Bates, Rob Fensome, John Shaw, John Shimeld, and Graham Williams
Since 1991, the Bedford Institute of Oceanography has been conducting and continually developing a tour program that offers both guided and self-guided tours to the public. The program is intended to increase the visibility of BIO and promote science via public education. Because of a steady increase in the number of visitors, two student tour guides and an attendant for the Sea Pavilion were hired for the four-month period May-August. In an effort to meet demand, guided tours were offered on a contractual basis for the first time during the off season. Through the use of videos, exhibits, displays, and guest speakers, the tour provided visitors with an informative look at the various types of oceanographic research conducted at BIO.
As a result of visitor feedback gathered from tour evaluation forms, improvements to the tour route were implemented this year. They included new plaque-mounted maps with accompanying information panels and a continuous video on seabed mapping in the SeaMap Room. The Iceberg Model, which gives insight to the actual size of an iceberg beneath the water and serves to complement the Titanic exhibit, also received a much-needed facelift. As well, a number of microscopes were installed in Minitheatre #2 to allow visitors to view otoliths. An explanation of what otoliths are and how they are used to determine the age of fish is located on a display board above the microscopes. In the auditorium, a new large screen is available for video viewing, slide shows, and power-point presentations. Even the BIO Gift Shop, in its second year of offering promotional items for sale to the public, enjoyed some improvements including paint, paper, and displays.
Kimberly Piccott, winner of the BIO Oceans Day Poster
Contest receiving a plaque from Mike Sinclair, Regional
Director of Science.
BIO employees continued to support educational initiatives throughout the year. Many visited schools in the Halifax-Dartmouth area to speak on oceans-related topics, acted as judges at science fairs, and represented the Institute at exhibitions and public events. A number of highly successful student placements at BIO contributed to the success of the High School Co-operative Education Program. Staff hosted a workshop for Science, Public Relations, and Journalism students that focussed on opening lines of communications among the three disciplines. The BIO website (www.bio.gc.ca) also received some attention during the summer and further development is planned. The ever popular Oceans Day Poster Contest received over 300 entries this year. Winners were invited to BIO where, following a tour of the Institute, they were presented with framed photographs of their entries and Oceans Day sweatshirts by DFO and NRCan Directors. The day was rounded off with a luncheon on board the CCGS, Louis S. St.-Laurent hosted by Captain Stu Klebert.
Parrsboro 2001 - EdGEO (geoscience education for
teachers) Workshop.
NRCan Initiatives
Geoscientists at the Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic)
of Natural Resources Canada, with fellow members of the Nova
Scotia EdGEO Workshop Committee, staged the group's eighth
teachers' workshop. Thirty teachers travelled from locations
throughout Nova Scotia to attend the two-day workshop held
this year at the Fundy Geological Museum in Parrsboro. The
program included interactive presentations on the basics
(rocks and minerals, fossils, dinosaurs, and geological time)
plus new sessions on soil, climate change, and oil and gas. A
half day field trip gave the teachers an excellent overview
of the geology of the Parrsboro area. This program is very
popular with the education sector and attracts both teachers
and those involved with museum programs, science centres, and
private sector educational services. Funding was provided by
the National EdGEO Program, the Nova Scotia Association of
Science Teachers, and the Geological Survey of Canada. The
Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic), the Nova Scotia
Department of Natural Resources, Dalhousie University, Fundy
Geological Museum, the Halifax Regional Muncipality School
Board, and Atlantic Science Links Association generously
provided in-kind support. EdGEO 2002 will be held August
19-20, in Digby, Nova Scotia.
Cover image of The Last Billion Years.
This year marked the publication of The Last Billion Years - a book that 'unearths' the fascinating and complex story of the Maritimes' geological past. It is the first modern book written for the general reader on the geological history of the Maritime Provinces of Canada. GSC Atlantic staff led an extensive team of contributors from the geoscience and arts worlds to assemble this publication. The book is beautifully illustrated in full colour with never-before-published paintings of ancient vistas, over 150 photographs, and crisp explanatory diagrams and sketches. To supplement the story, a series of illustrated talks is taking place at the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History in Halifax until May 2002. The talks are geared toward a general audience. The public and schools have expressed keen interest in the book that has resulted in the first two printings being sold out within weeks of the date of release. The publisher is considering a third printing in the spring of 2002. A website (agc.bio.ns.ca/lby/) presents excerpts from the book and purchasing information. The book is co-published by the Atlantic Geoscience Society and Nimbus Publishing.
EarthNet, the educational website for Canadian teachers and the public (earthnet.bio.ns.ca), continues to increase its readership and garner comments from users such as, "EarthNet is one of the most useful educational sites I've seen", and "What a terrific resource for teachers!!" Developments in 2001 included Geology of Communities, GeoToolbox, and Hall of Fame as well as additions to the teaching resource database, activities, and the illustrated glossary. Also, in 2001, EarthNet was a featured site on StudyWeb, an on-line instructional site that named it one of the best educational resources on the web. EarthNet is sponsored and funded by a number of Canadian geoscience organizations and would not exist without the contributions made by the many geoscientists and educators from across Canada.
BIO 2002
BIO has been humming with Open House preparatory activity
during 2001. Much planning and exhibit preparation has
already gone into what will be our largest Open House ever
taking place in the spring of 2002. One exciting addition
will highlight our scientists of the future when the regional
winners of junior and senior high school science fairs from
around the Province come together in a single exhibit at Open
House. The Open House will be one of a series of special
events to take place in commemoration of the 40th anniversary
of BIO.
- Shelley Armsworthy
Each year, staff and retirees of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography support the community by donating time, financial support, and goodwill to numerous charitable events. Some of the formal events conducted at BIO are described below.
The Government of Canada Workplace Charitable Campaign in the Halifax/Dartmouth area is the largest organized charitable event and involves the United Way/Centraide, Health Partners, and numerous other registered charities across Canada. In 2001, the Government of Canada Workplace Charitable Campaign raised $31,162 at BIO. In addition to cash donations from staff and retirees, substantial funds were raised from a number of interesting and entertaining charitable events organized and hosted by volunteering BIO staff. These events included monthly 50/50 draws, a golf tournament at Fox Hollow Golf Club in Stewiacke, a book sale, a silent auction, and the 11th annual staff hockey game, family skate, and Christmas party.
In February and March, 180 bouquets of daffodils were sold at BIO and raised $1080 for the Canadian Cancer Society. As part of the Canadian Cancer Society's Head for a Cure Event, Kees Zwanenburg raised $1365 by having his head shaved at an outdoor, lunch-hour gathering in the BIO courtyard in July.
In April, the third annual Beat the Winter Blues Kitchen Party was held in the BIO Auditorium featuring a combination of musical talent from within BIO and from the local folk music community. Admission, in the form of either a cash donation or a non-perishable food item, provided 16 bags of groceries and $155 for the Parker Street Furniture and Food Bank in Halifax.
George States at the Beat the Winter Blues Kitchen Party
- BIO 2001.
BIO staff collected personal care items on behalf of the Canadian Red Cross for airline passengers stranded in Halifax after the terrorist attack on New York and Washington, USA on September 11, 2001.
Just before Christmas, volunteers from BIO assembled and delivered boxed Christmas dinners to people in need on behalf of the Parker Street Furniture and Food Bank. The process took three days to complete and involved unloading groceries from trucks, sorting and repackaging it for delivery. The boxes included typical ingredients for a complete Christmas dinner. Those who were not able to pick-up their box at the food bank had them delivered by BIO staff. This year the volunteers prepared 550 food boxes.
BIO volunteers assembling Christmas dinners at the Parker
Street Furniture and Food Bank.
Not only have BIO staff and retirees demonstrated their philanthropy in 2001, but have also shown compassion and generosity for homeless or abused domestic animals. Lynn Doubleday, of the BIO cafeteria, represents the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA). Throughout the year, Lynn collects donations of old blankets and towels, cleaning products, non-perishable pet food items, and Sobey's receipts. Hand-made crafts and pet emergency door stickers are sold seasonally in the cafeteria. In 2001, Lynn collected over $1000 for the SPCA. The society uses the donations and sales proceeds to help our four-legged friends whose situations are dire.
The generosity and participation of staff and retirees makes BIO a vibrant part of the community.
- Wilf Lush
The Bedford Institute of Oceanography is being rejuvenated through a series of building and infrastructure upgrades that started in 2000 and are scheduled for completion in 2009. Public Works and Government Services Canada is the Real Property Service agent to Fisheries and Oceans Canada and is the manager of these projects.
The Institute's jetty was completely renovated in 2001. This was the first major upgrade of the jetty since its original construction in 1961-62. The majority of the work consisted of removal of the structure's original concrete and replacement with reinforced concrete to obtain a stable surface. After forty years of exposure, the original concrete was severely deteriorated, particularly in the tide range.
Within the same contract, the jetty infrastructure in support of the fleet was replaced to address a list of Occupational Safety and Health issues, thereby providing a safer work place. All services were designed to eliminate, or minimize, the requirement for access to the jetty service tunnel (classified as a confined space) to perform required maintenance. The main projects included:
BIO in the autumn of 2001 showing the jetty and the new
warehouse complex.
Also in 2001, an 800m² warehouse complex (noted by the arrow) was constructed north of the main building to replace "in house" storage.
In 2002, a new cooling plant is planned to provide BIO with a centralized air conditioning component to its air handling system, and replacement of the existing steam heating system with a hydronic (hot water) system. The new cooling plant will replace several disparate chillers and window-installed residential type air conditioning units.
The construction of a new laboratory building will begin in mid 2003 and is slated for completion in late 2004. This building is designed to Level II containment standards and will centralize several laboratory support spaces.
- Ellen Kenchington
The Center for Marine Biodiversity (CMB) is a non-profit society that was established in the autumn of 2000 to enhance scientific capacity in support of protection of marine biodiversity in the Northwest Atlantic. The CMB office is on the campus of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography with Dr. Ellen Kenchington as the Director. Membership includes specialists from university, government, industry, and non-governmental organizations throughout eastern and central Canada.
The CMB was formed in response to the 1992 Convention for Biological Diversity and the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing of the United Nations' Fisheries and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Both have established an international framework for broader conservation objectives for managing ocean-use activities. In 1997, Canada's Oceans Act defined our obligation to incorporate ecosystem considerations within an Oceans Management Strategy. In addition, the pending legislation under the Species-At-Risk Act (SARA) addresses a high profile component of these broader conservation objectives. Under the new legislation, Fisheries and Oceans Canada will take the lead in developing the Oceans Management Strategy, and will be responsible for protection of marine species identified under SARA.
The gorgonacean, Primnoa resedaeformis, one of the most
common and abundant corals off Atlantic Canada - photographed
with Campod in the Northeast Channel at around 400 meters -
DFO photo.
The administrative arm of the CMB is led by an advisory board with members from a variety of backgrounds. Currently, the advisory board consists of an international group of individuals with diverse expertise and includes representatives from: the Sloan Foundation, Dalhousie University, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the World Wildlife Fund of Canada, and the government of Nova Scotia.
Ampelisca macrocephalia - photo by Dan Jackson.
The mandate of the Center is to provide a focus for structuring independent research efforts toward an overall synthesis of information on marine biodiversity. Scientists working under the auspices of the CMB undertake leading-edge research in fisheries, marine ecology, physical oceanography, and related sciences. When combined with other CMB projects, this research will contribute to an overall ecosystem approach to fisheries management and biodiversity issues.
Since the CMB has only recently been established, research activities are in their initial stages and are "works in progress". Some ongoing initiatives include:
Additional projects include research on deep-sea coral, the ecology of non-commercial marine fish species, research on sponges and hydroids, and a working group on the State of the Ecosystem in the Northwest Atlantic.
Membership is open to individuals with an active involvement in scientific issues related to marine biodiversity and who concur with the mandate of the society. The CMB does not have an advocacy function.
The Center for Marine Biodiversity has established a public lecture series on biodiversity issues. We invite you to visit our website at (www.marinebiodiveristy.ca) for additional information on the lecture series, the CMB, or biodiversity in Canada.
- Dale Buckley
Congratulations to Roger Belanger, the first recipient of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography's Oceans Association (BIO-OA) Beluga Recognition Award. Roger joined the BIO photographic unit in 1966, after working with photo-reconnaissance units in the military for 11 years. Over the years, Roger has provided photographic records, archives, and technical documentation for numerous and diverse ocean research projects.
Roger Belanger (right) receiving the Beluga Recognition
Award from Dr. Paul Brodie.
Early oceanographic expeditions included a CCGS Hudson voyage to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and a multidisciplinary project in the Caribbean. After the major oil spill from the tanker Arrow in Chedabucto Bay in 1970, Roger was involved in photographic documentation of the immediate impact of the spill, as well as follow-up studies over the next two decades. In 1979, Roger participated in a pioneering survey of the Arctic Ocean from an ice camp on the LOREX experiments, where he helped develop a system to lower and recover deep-sea cameras through the ice.
The BIO Oceans Association Beluga Recognition Award.
Roger made a number of innovative contributions to oceanographic photography and TV imaging using scuba. He was involved in developing photographic and electronic imaging technology from submarines and remotely-operated submersibles. In addition, he helped develop a photographic system for remotely monitoring sediment movement in inter-tidal areas of the Bay of Fundy using a tethered balloon. In the later years of his career, he developed a photographic system to be used on Coast Guard helicopters to document coastal features, oil spills, coastal erosion, and sewage effluents.
Not all of Roger's contributions were scientific or technical. He has an artist's eye for aesthetics and evidence of his talents in photography is still found around BIO and in treasured memories of many who have worked at the Institute.
Roger retired in 1991 to spend time at his home in Grand Desert (near Lawrencetown, N.S.) where he devotes part of his time to assembling personal photographic memoirs of his career at BIO.
The Beluga Award was conceived by the BIO Oceans Association and was introduced in 2001 to honour individuals who have contributed their talents and work to making BIO a successful and well-recognized oceanographic institute. Any person who has worked, or is still working, at BIO is eligible for consideration. The beluga whale was chosen because it is a well-recognized symbol of the oceans and is a recognized Canadian symbol. Dr. Paul Brodie, a renowned marine mammalogist and sculptor, created the 11 inches model beluga whale. Amos Pewter of Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia cast the whale. The final product, a pewter whale, has a satin polish finish and sits on a granite and acrylic base that was fabricated by Atlantex Creative Works, East Chezzetcook, Nova Scotia.
- Shubha Sathyendranath
The Third Annual Meeting of the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans took place at White Point in Nova Scotia, Canada on 27-29 November 2001. Participants representing oceanographic institutions from some thirteen countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom, and the United States of America) attended the meeting. Several international organizations, such as the Argo Programme, CLIVAR (CLImate VARiability and predictability), CoML (Census of Marine Life), COOP (the Coastal Ocean Observation Panel), IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission), IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Co-ordinating Group), JCOMM (Joint Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology), PICES (North Pacific Marine Science Organisation), and SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) were also represented. In all, there were over forty participants. The meeting was hosted by Dr. Mike Sinclair, Director of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. Mr. Neil Bellefontaine, Regional Director General, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), welcomed the participants.
The meeting began with presentations related to some of the main themes of POGO: the Argo project (a fleet of buoys distributed on the world's oceans to collect oceanographic data), time-series observations, and biological observations. Dr. Dean Roemmich, Chairman of the Argo Science Team, provided updates on the programme. He suggested that POGO member institutions encourage the applications of the Argo data stream, which is freely available, as this was essential to ensure the long-term viability of the programme. Dr. Bob Weller reported on the findings of the first meeting of the Time Series Working Group. Prof. John Field summarized the recommendations from the POGO Biology Workshop, and Dr. Jesse Ausubel spoke of recent advances in the Census of Marine Life (CoML) and its links with POGO.
Participants at the third meeting of POGO at White Point
Beach Resort.
The group reviewed issues related to capacity building on the second day of the meeting. The POGO-IOC-SCOR Fellowship Programme, which was initiated at POGO-2, is now well established. The programme receives generous financial support from IOC and SCOR. So far, 13 fellowships have been offered under this programme, which allows trainees from developing countries and economies in transition to travel to oceanographic laboratories in other countries for training on selected aspects of ocean observation. POGO also participated in, and co-sponsored, training programmes in South America (through the Austral Summer Institute organized by the University of Concepción and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) and in India (in collaboration with the IOCCG). The members resolved to continue such efforts in the future. IOC and SCOR have decided to continue their support of the Fellowship Programme. There were also discussions on the possibility of organizing a training cruise on board a Russian research vessel, in collaboration with the IOCCG. POGO decided to continue its support of SEREAD (Scientific Educational Resources and Experience Associated with the Deployment of Argo drifting floats in the South Pacific Ocean).
As an impressive follow-up to the São Paulo Declaration of POGO, which called for increased observations in the Southern Hemisphere, the JAMSTSEC team proposed a circumpolar cruise on their research vessel Mirai, in the Southern Hemisphere, in partnership with other members of POGO. This was seen as an important step towards rectifying the imbalance in observations between the northern and southern hemispheres. The proposal was received warmly by the POGO members, and there were many offers of help and collaboration. Prof. Ulloa from Chile spoke of their plans to enhance the observational capacity of Chile, and in particular, of their efforts to obtain a replacement for their ageing research vessel. Members were invited to explore possibilities for addressing the matter.
There were presentations at the meeting regarding CoML, COOP, CLIVAR, the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), IOC, IGOS, IOCCG, JCOMM, the Ocean Observing Panel for Climate (OOPC), and PICES, and their links to POGO. There were presentations from several institutions, including: AOML (Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory), BIO, Dalhousie University, the New Zealand National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (Russia), University of Cape Town (South Africa), and University of Concepción (Chile) regarding their on-going activities of relevance to POGO.
A principal focus of this meeting was on biological observations. Following the recommendations of the biology workshop, the Partnership resolved to initiate a biological observation system to monitor phytoplankton dynamics, and to organize a workshop in South America to promote regional observations of marine biodiversity. The establishment of a network of open-ocean, fixed-point, time-series observations also received special attention. The activities of the Time Series Working Group are to continue, and the next meeting is to take place in Hawaii, in February 2002.
In 2001, POGO was registered as a not-for-profit society in Nova Scotia, Canada. Several institutions and consortia of institutions have become members of the Society, and more are poised to become members in 2002. This strengthens the position of POGO as a self-funded, non-governmental organization. Dr. Rolf Weber (University of São Paulo) and Dr. Robert Gagosian (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) rotated out of the POGO Executive Committee. Dr. Howard Roe (Southampton Oceanography Centre) was elected the incoming Chair, and Mr. Takuya Hirano (President, Japan Marine Science and Technology Centre) and Dr. Nan Bray (Director, CSIRO Marine Research) became the new members of the POGO Executive. Dr. Charles Kennel (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) continues for one more year as the POGO Chair.
It was resolved to hold the next meeting of POGO in January 2003 in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. The regional focus of the meeting is to be the Indian Ocean.
- by John Tremblay, Carl MacDonald, Douglas Pezzack, and Peter Hurley
The Fishermen and Scientists Research Society is a non-profit organization formed to foster cooperation between those who spend a good part of their lives on the water, and those who are active in studying the dynamics of marine populations. Started in 1994, the FSRS has undertaken a number of projects with the cooperation of interested fishermen and scientists. The society has an office at BIO.
In 1999, the LRIST project was initiated to monitor the catch rates of sub-legal sizes of lobsters captured in traps. The objective of the project is to develop an index of the quantity of lobsters that will enter the fishery in one to two years.
One of the strengths of this FSRS project is the level of involvement of fishermen. Fishermen were involved in the design of the standard recruitment trap used in the project and in the planning phase of the project. Annual training sessions for data collection are held before the fishing season. The project results are reviewed at workshops at the end of each lobster season. The FSRS employs six community technicians, with support from DFO, through the Science and Technology Youth Internship Program, to work on Society projects. Intern duties include working directly with participating lobster fishermen, and sampling catches at sea. Support for the project also comes from the participating fishermen, who purchase the standard recruitment traps at a reduced cost from the FSRS. Hence, all participants contribute towards the goal of understanding lobster recruitment within the project area.
Standard trap used in LRIST.
In coastal Nova Scotia, lobsters are fished during the spring (Cape Breton and the Eastern Shore) and from fall to spring (South Shore, Southwest Nova Scotia, Bay of Fundy). The LRIST project had 67 fishermen participants in the 2000-2001 fall-winter fisheries, and 123 fishermen participants in the spring 2001 fisheries. The spring 2001 participants were spread along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia.
Location of recruitment traps during the spring
fisheries.The numbered areas outlined on the map are Lobster
Fishing Areas (LFAs).
Participating fishermen fish between 1 and 5 recruitment traps, and record daily catch numbers, sex of lobsters, and size using a project measuring gauge.
Lobster measuring guage.
The LRIST traps have reduced mesh openings (1") and no escape gaps. In regular commercial traps such gaps are required to allow the escape of sublegal sizes that are attracted to the baited traps.
.jpg)
Size composition of lobsters captured in FSRS traps and
commercial traps off Northern Cape Breton. 1143 lobsters were
captured in 533 FSRS trap hauls and 4370 lobsters were
captured in 1829 commercial trap hauls.
The combination of the smaller mesh openings and no escape gaps results in greater retention of smaller lobsters compared to commercial traps.
To evaluate whether the catch rate data are useful for predicting recruitment, a time series of five or more years is needed. In the interim, the LRIST data are proving useful for other purposes. These include:
An example of the area differences in population biology is the smaller egg-bearing females in the north (LFA 27) compared to those from the south (LFA 34). This observation is consistent with independent measurements of female maturity.
.jpg)
Size composition of egg-bearing females captured in FSRS
traps in spring 2001.
In the future, the FSRS data have the potential to be important in the development of criteria for evaluating stock status. The fact that the data are collected by volunteer fishermen provides an opportunity for better discussion of the various management options.
| Department | Sector | Amount ($000) |
| DFO | Science | 24,409* |
| DFO | Oceans | 6,170 |
| NRCan | All | 8,072 |
*Includes funds allocated for the operation and maintenance of research vessels.
Environment Canada and DND have staff working at BIO. These resources are not captured in the above figures.
| Department | Sector | Government ($000) | Institutions ($000) | Industry ($000) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DFO | Science | 8,298 | 0.71 | 832 |
| DFO | Oceans | 2,573 | 276 | |
| NRCan | All | 845 | 2,000 |
SectorAmount ($000) Science Branch21,186 Hydrography3,223
Numbers are taken from the staff list and do not include
contractors, students, or emeritus scientists.
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE
LCdr Jim Bradford
Lt(N)Scott Moody
CPO2 Ian Ross
PO1 Nancy Kent
PO2 Claude Pageau
PO2 Chris Moncrief
MS Jim Bartlett
MS Corey Brayall
MS Krista Smith
LS Sean Truswell
ENVIRONMENT CANADA
Christopher Craig
Kate Collins, Student
Earland Hart, Student
David MacArthur
Rick McCulloch, Student
Bernard Richard
Mike Ripley, Student
Diane Tremblay
Jamie Young
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS
Canadian Coast Guard - Technical Services
Mechanical & Oceanographic Systems Development
George Steeves, Supervisor
Garon Awalt
Arthur Cosgrove
Kelly Bentham
Bob Ellis
Francis Kelly
Mike LaPierre
Daniel Moffatt
Glen Morton
Neil MacKinnon
Val Pattenden
Todd Peters
Nelson Rice
Greg Siddall
Heinz Wiele
Technical Maintenance
Jim Wilson, Supervisor
Gerry Dease
Don Eisener
Roger Gallant
Jason Green
David Levy
Robert MacGregor
Morley Wright
Mike O'Rourke
Mark Robbins
Vessel Support
Andrew Muise, Supervisor
Derrick Andrews
George Lake
Martin LaFitte
Richard LaPierre
Leonard Mombourquette
Richard Myers
Stanley Myers
Steve Myers
Lloyd Oickle
Bill Preston
Harvey Ross
Freeman Savoury
Raymond Smith
David Usher
Science Branch
Regional Director's Office
Michael Sinclair, Director
Alyson Campbell, Student
Lori Chisholm, Student
Marie Charlebois-Serdynska
Richard Eisner
Dianne Geddes
Gabriela Gruber
Joni Henderson
Sharon Morgan
Bettyann Power
Canadian Hydrographic Service (Atlantic)
Richard MacDougall, Director
Bruce Anderson
Carol Beals
Dave Blaney
Frank Burgess
Bob Burke
Fred Carmichael
Mike Collins
Chris Coolen
Gerard Costello
Andy Craft
John Cunningham
Elizabeth Crux
Tammy Doyle
Theresa Dugas
Mike Earle
Steve Forbes
John Ferguson
Claudine Fraser
Doug Frizzle
Jon Griffin
James Hanway
Judy Hammond
Malcolm Jay
Roger Jones
Heather Joyce
Glen King
Mike Lamplugh
Christopher LeBlanc
Kirk MacDonald
Bruce MacGowan
Grant MacLeod
Clare McCarthy
Dave McCarthy
Paul McCarthy
Mark McCracken
Dale Nicholson
Larry Norton
Stephen Nunn
Charlie O'Reilly
Nick Palmer
Richard Palmer
Paul Parks
Stephen Parsons
Ken Paul
Bob Pietrzak
Vicki Randhawa
Doug Regular
Glenn Rodger
Dave Roop
Tom Rowsell
Chris Rozon
Mike Ruxton
Cathy Schipilow
June Senay
Alan Smith
Andrew Smith
Nick Stuifbergen
Michel Therrien
David Trudel
Herman Varma
Dustin Whalen
Keith White
Wendy Woodford
Craig Zeller
Diadromous Fish Division
Larry Marshall, Manager
Doug Aitken
Peter Amiro
Rod Bradford
Henry Caracristi
Carolyn Harvie
Phil Hubley
Eric Jefferson
Brian Jessop
Paul LeBlanc
Dave Longard
Blythe Mahaney
Shane O'Neil
Patrick O'Reilly
Kimberley Robichaud-LeBlanc
Karen Rutherford
Debbie Stewart
Katherine McKeen Sweat
Daisy Williams
Invertebrate Fisheries Division
René Lavoie, Manager
Jerry Black
Ann Butler
Maureen Butler
Manon Cassista
Amy Chisholm
Victoria Clayton
Ross Claytor
Michele Covey
Ron Duggan
Emily Dumaresq
Cheryl Frail
Ken Freeman*
Amanda Ginnish
Raj Gouda, Student
Nathalie Green
Lea-Anne Henry, Student
Daniel Jackson
Shaka James, Student
Ellen Kenchington
Peter Koeller
Mark Lundy
Barry Macdonald
Bob Miller
Stephen Nolan
Doug Pezzack
Alan Reeves
Ginette Robert
Dale Roddick
Amanda Sabattis
Bob Semple
Glyn Sharp
Stephen Smith
Amy Thompson
John Tremblay
Benedikte Vercaemer
Cathy Wentzell
Tim Willis, Intern
Kristana Worcester
Marine Fish Division
Wayne Stobo, Manager
Susan Baker
Diane Beanlands
Don Bowen
Bob Branton
Alida Bundy
Steve Campana
Peter Comeau
Paul Fanning
Wanda Farrell
Mark Fowler
Ken Frank
Caihong Fu
Darren Gillis, Visiting Scientist
Ralph Halliday
Lei Harris
Peter Hurley
Bill MacEachern
Linda Marks
Jim McMillan
Jeff McRuer
Bob Mohn
Jim Reid
Nancy Shackell
Mark Showell
Jim Simon
Nancy Stobo
Iain Suthers, Visiting Scientist
Kim Whynot
Scott Wilson
Gerry Young
Kees Zwanenburg
Ocean Sciences Division
Allyn Clarke, Manager
Barbie Henneberry
Pat Williams
Biological Oceanography
Glen Harrison, Head
Jeffrey Anning
Florence Berreville, Student
Heather Bouman, Student
Jay Bugden
Carla Caverhill
Emmanuel Devred, PDF
Paul Dickie
Andrew Edwards, PDF
Gretchen Fitzgerald, Student
Cesar Fuentes-Yaco, PDF
Lee Geddes
Rajashree Gouda, Student
Leslie Harris
Erica Head
Edward Horne
Brian Irwin*
Mary Kennedy
Paul Kepkay
Marilyn Landry
William Li
Svetlana Loza, PDF
Heidi Maass
Anitha Nair, Student
Markus Pahlow, PDF
Kevin Pauley
Linda Payzant
Trevor Platt
Catherine Porter
Douglas Sameoto
Dawn Shepherd, Student
Jeffrey Spry
Alain Vézina
Louisa Watts, PDF
George White
Coastal Ocean Science
Peter Smith, Head
Dave Brickman
Gary Bugden
Sandy Burtch
Jason Chaffey
Joel Chassé
Brendan DeTracey
Ken Drinkwater
Frederic Dupont, PDF
Dave Greenberg
Charles Hannah
Nicolai Kliem, PDF
Don Lawrence
Bob Lively
Mathieu Ouellet
Ingrid Peterson
Brian Petrie
Liam Petrie
Roger Pettipas
Simon Prinsenberg
Howard Reid
Charles Tang
Ted Tedford
Tom Yao
Chou Wang
Zhigang Xu
Ocean Circulation
John Loder, A/Head
Robert Anderson
Karen Atkinson
Nancy Chen
Sharon Gillam-Locke
Blair Greenan
Douglas Gregory
Helen Hayden
Ross Hendry
Anthony Isenor
Jeff Jackson
Peter Jones
David Kellow
Zhenxia Long, PDF
Neil Oakey
William Perrie
Marion Smith
Brenda Topliss
Bash Toulany
Dan Wright
Frank Zemlyak
Ocean Physics
Michel Mitchel, Head
Brian Beanlands
Don Belliveau
Norman Cochrane
Katherine Collier
John Conrod
George Fowler
Jim Hamilton
Alex Herman
Randy King
George States
Ted Phillips
Scott Young
Technical Operations
Dave McKeown, Head
Larry Bellefontaine
Rick Boyce
Derek Brittain
Bert Hartling
Bruce Nickerson
Bob Ryan
Murray Scotney
Maritimes Regional Advisory Process (RAP)
Bob O'Boyle, Coordinator
Valerie Myra
Maritimes Aquatic Species at Risk Office
John Loch, Manager
Bob Barnes
Jennifer Barton
Jerry Conway
Lynn Cullen
Oceans and Environment Branch
Regional Director's Office
Faith Scattolon, Regional Director
Jane Avery
Ted Potter
Robert St-Laurent
Habitat Management Division
Brian Thompson, Manager
Brooke Cook
Joey Crocker
Rick Devine
Joy Dube
Joanne Gough
Anita Hamilton
Tony Henderson
Darren Hiltz
Craig Hominick
Brian Jollymore
Darria Langill
Jim Leadbetter
Jack Leeman
Melanie MacLean
Shayne McQuaid
Marci Penney-Ferguson
Jim Ross
Carol Sampson
Carol Simmons
Reg Sweeney
Phil Zamora
Chad Ziai
Marine Environmental Sciences Division
Paul Keizer, Manager
Jim Abriel
Byron Amirault
Debbie Anderson
Carol Anstey
Shelley Armsworthy
Mark Beasy
Robert Benjamin
Paul Boudreau
Cynthia Bourbonnais
Chiu Chou
Pierre Clement
Susan Cobanli
Peter Cranford
John Dalziel
Jason Dearing
Jennifer Dixon
Lisa Doucette
Grazyna Folwarczna
Don Gordon
Gareth Harding
Barry Hargrave
Jocelyn Hellou
Kory Jollymore
Thomas King
Brent Law
Ken Lee
Jim Leonard
Kevin MacIsaac
Sarah Magee, Intern
Tim Milligan
John Moffatt
Lene Mortensen
Pål Mortensen, PDF
Rick Nelson
Sherry Niven
Lisa Paon
Georgina Phillips
Sarah Robertson
Sylvia Rumbolt
Sheila Shellnut
Judy Simms
John Smith
Sean Steller
Andrew Stewart
Peter Strain
Peter Vass
Gary Wohlgeschaffen
Philip Yeats
Oceans and Coastal Management Division
Joe Arbour, Manager
Debi Campbell
Lesley Carter
Scott Coffen-Smout
Chantal Couture
Dave Duggan
Derek Fenton
Jennifer Hackett
Tim Hall
Glen Herbert
Stanley Johnston
Paul Macnab
Denise McCullough
Jason Naug
Celeine Renaud
Bob Rutherford
Maxine Westhead
Aquaculture Coordination
Mike Murphy, Coordinator
Darrell Harris
Cindy Webster
Sharon Young-Currie
Finance & Administration
Library
Anna Fiander, Manager
Susan Boutilier
Carole Broome, Student
Cathy Budgell
Rhonda Coll
Lori Collins
Helen Dussault
Lois Loewen
Maureen Martin
Marilynn Rudi
Diane Stewart
Procurement
Joan Hebert-Sellars
Stores
Larry MacDonald
Charles Mitchell, Intern
Bob Page
Ray Rosse
Communications Branch
Carl Myers
Informatics
Technology Services
Gary Somerton, Chief
Chris Archibald
Eric Ashford
Patrice Boivin
Doug Brine
Mike Clarke
Jim Cuthbert
Gary Collins*
Paul Dunphy
Bruce Fillmore
Heather Fraser
Judy Fredericks
Pamela Gardner
Lori Gauthier
Ron Girard
Marc Hemphill
Mike Lemay
Jacqueline Leschied
Charles Lever
Nancy MacNeil
Charles Mason
Sue Paterson
Kevin Ritter
Mike Stepanczak
Charlene Williams
Paddy Wong
Client Services
Sandra Gallagher, Head
Kevin Dunphy
Carol Levac
Juanita Pooley
Records
Jim Martell, Site Supervisor
Myrtle Barkhouse
Carla Sears
Applications
Tobias Spears, A/Head
Lenore Bajona
Shelley Bond
Flo Hum
Anthony Joyce
Roger Soulodre
Kohila Thana
NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA
Geological Survey Of Canada (Atlantic)
Director's Office
Jacob Verhoef, Director
Pat Dennis
Administration
George McCormack, Manager
Cheryl Boyd
Terry Hayes
Terry Henderson
Cecilia Middleton
Barb Vetese
Marine Resources Geoscience
Don McAlpine, Manager
Mike Avery
Jennifer Bates
Darrell Beaver
Bernie Crilley
Rob Fensome
Gary Grant
Ken Hale
Iris Hardy
Evelyn Inglis
Arthur Jackson
Chris Jauer
Nelly Koziel
Paul Lake
Bill MacMillan
Andrew MacRae
Anne Mazerall
Susan Merchant
Phil Moir
Phil O'Regan
John Shimeld
Frank Thomas
Hans Wielens
Graham Williams
Marine Environmental Geoscience
Dick Pickrill, Manager
Ken Asprey
Anthony Atkinson
Steve Blasco
Austin Boyce
Calvin Campbell
Borden Chapman
Donald Clattenburg*
Ray Cranston
Gordon Fader
Robert Fitzgerald
Donald Forbes
David Frobel
Pierre Gareau
Mike Gorveatt*
Jennifer Strang
Robert Harmes
David Heffler
Kimberley Jenner
Fred Jodrey
Heiner Josenhans
Edward King
Bill LeBlanc
Michael Li
Maureen MacDonald
Bill MacKinnon
Gavin Manson
Sabastian Migeon
Bob Miller
David Mosher
Peta Mudie*
Bob Murphy
David Piper
Kevin Robertson*
Andre Rochon
John Shaw
Andy Sherin
Steve Solomon
Gary Sonnichsen
Bob Taylor
Brian Todd
Bruce Wile
Marine Regional Geoscience
Mark Williamson, Manager
Ross Boutilier
Bob Courtney
Claudia Currie
Sonya Dehler
Carmelita Fisher
Peter Giles
Paul Girouard
Nathan Hayward
Ruth Jackson
Ron Macnab*
Gordon Oakey
Russell Parrott
Stephen Perry
Patrick Potter
Wayne Prime
Matt Salisbury
Philip Spencer
Barbara Szlavko
Marie-Claude Williamson
BIO TOUR GUIDES
Steven Fancy, Student
Jasmine Marshall, Student
Darcy O'Brien, Student
PUBLIC WORKS AND GOVERNMENT SERVICES
Leo Lohnes, Property Manager
Diane Andrews
Bob Cameron
Paul Fraser
Jim Frost
Geoff Gritten
Greg Gromack
Wilf Lush
Ralph Lynas
Allan MacNeil
Garry MacNeill
June Meldrum
John Miles
Paul Miles
Richard Netherton
Fred Rahey
Phil Williams
Bill Wood
HEALTH CANADA
Heather Skinner
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA
Don Douglas
COMMISSIONAIRES
William Bewsher
Paul Bergeron
Dave Cyr
John Dunlop
Donnie Hotte
Rex Lane
Leonard MonMinie
Francis Noonan
Pierre Remillard
Yves Tessier
Lester Tracey
CAFETERIA STAFF
Kelly Bezanson
Randy Dixon
Valerie Donovan
Lynn Doubleday
Mark Vickers
OTHERS ON THE BIO CAMPUS
International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG)
Venetia Stuart, Executive Scientist
Abhijit Bhadé
Bart Hulshof
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO)
Shubha Sathyendranath, Executive Director
SeaMap
Gary Rockwell
Fishermen and Scientists Research Society (FSRS)
Jeff Graves
Carl MacDonald
Jill Moore, Intern
Shannon Scott
Geoforce Consultants Ltd.
Mike Belliveau
Graham Standen
Martin Uyesugi
Maritime Tel & Tel
Paul Brown
Tim Conley
Contractors
Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Ocean Circulation
Linda Bonang, Records
Shawna Bourque, CHS
Pierre Brien, Marine Fish
Derek Broughton, Marine Fish
Walter Burke, CHS
Clare Carver, Invertebrates
Erin Carruthers, Ocean Circulation
Benoit Casault, Biol. Oceanography
Barbara Corbin, Records
Tania Davignon-Burton, Marine Fish
Ewa Dunlap, Ocean Circulation
Mike Friis, Records
Bob Gershey, Ocean Circulation
Yuri Geshelin, Coastal Ocean Sci.
Bin He, Ocean Circulation
Gary Henderson, CHS
Yongcun Hu, Ocean Circulation
Tara Jewett, Marine Fish
Warren Joyce, Marine Fish
Edward Kimball, Ocean Circulation
Carrie MacIsaac, CHS
Kee Muschenheim, MESD
Sean Oakey, Coastal Ocean Sci.
Tim Perry, Biol. Oceanography
Bret Pilgrim, Invertebrates
John Price, Ocean Circulation
Sylvie Roy, MESD
Victor Soukhovtsev, Coastal Ocean Sci.
Jacqueline Spry, Biol. Oceanography
Patricia Stoffyn, MESD
Tieneke Van der baaren, Coastal Ocean Sci.
Rosalie Wamboldt, Coastal Zone Canada Assn.
Pamela Wentzell, Invertebrates
Wesley White, Diadromous Fish
Craig Wright, CHS
Igor Yashayaev, Ocean Circulation
Ina Yashayaev, Ocean Circulation
Alicia York, Marine Fish
Scientist Emeritus
Piero Ascoli
Dale Buckley
Lloyd Dickie
Fred Dobson
Jim Elliott
Alan Grant
Peter Hacquebard
Lubos Jansa
Charlotte Keen
Tim Lambert
John Lazier
Mike Lewis
Doug Loring
Brian MacLean
Ken Mann
Clive Mason
George Needler
Charlie Quon
Charlie Ross
Hal Sandstrom
Charles Schafer
Stuart Smith
Shiri Srivastava
James Stewart
John Wade
Recognition
BIO staff wish to recognize the contribution and support provided by the Captains and crew of Canadian Coast Guard vessels tasked to assist BIO-based research.
Gary Collins retired from the Informatics Branch in April 2001 after 30 years of outstanding service. Gary originally emigrated from Ireland after working for the British Nuclear Commission. Upon his arrival in Canada he worked for Atomic Energy before joining DFO in 1970. He was chief of Statistics and Computing Services at corporate headquarters prior to transferring to BIO in 1980. Gary initially worked for Science Computing Services and was instrumental in the replacement of the Cyber mainframe and the integration of mass storage management. Gary is well respected by his colleagues and clients alike. His hobbies include photography, classical guitar, astronomy, and skydiving.
After 35 years of service, Ken Freeman retired effective October 24th, 2001. Over many years at BIO, the Halifax Fisheries Research Laboratory, and then back to BIO, Ken developed a reputation as a shellfish biologist who worked hard to serve the industry. He is well known and appreciated by the mussel culture industry. Ken also contributed a great deal to the industry's awareness of the potential impacts on shellfish growers and fishermen of disease and contamination.
Brian Irwin retired in May 2001 after 35 years of outstanding service in the Biological Oceanography Section at BIO. Brian was head of the Section's sea-going and laboratory technical support group and ran the primary production program for three decades. Brian's research took him to virtually all of the major oceans of the world during his career.
For 34 years, Donald Clattenburg ran the NRCan sedimentology laboratory. He developed the lab into a world class facility and mentored many students. Mike Gorveatt retired in November after 34 years with Natural Resources Canada. During the latter half of Mike's career he managed the NRCan Technical Support group, and was responsible for mobilizing field programs throughout Canada, including the Arctic.
Mike Gorveatt retired in November after 34 years with Natural Resources Canada. During the latter half of Mike's career he managed the NRCan Technical Support group, and was responsible for mobilizing field programs throughout Canada, including the Arctic.
Ron Macnab retired in November after 33 years with Natural Resources Canada. During his tenure at NRCan, Ron led several international efforts to compile unique data sets, and was a key resource for issues related to the Law of the Sea.
After 20 years, Peta Mudie retired in December as a palynologist. Dr. Mudie will be remembered for her contribution to paleoceanographic studies in the Atlantic and Arctic oceans.
After 35 years with Natural Resources Canada, Kevin Robertson retired as NRCan's Laboratory Manager in October 2001. Throughout his career, Kevin played a pivotal role in the development of the laboratory infrastructure, facilitating cooperative programs within the Institute, and on health and safety committees
1Term and casual employees, interns, students, and contractors are listed if they worked at BIO for at least four months in the year 2001.
*Retired in 2001.
1) Biological Sciences
Recognized Scientific Journals:
Addison, R.F., and W.T. Stobo. 2001. Trends in organochlorine residue concentrations and burdens in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) from Sable Is., N.S., between 1974 and 1994. Environ. Pollut. 112: 505-513.
Bowen, W.D., D.J. Boness, S.J. Iverson, and O.T. Oftedal. 2001. Foraging effort, food intake, and lactation performance depend on maternal mass in a small phocid seal. Funct. Ecol. 15: 325-334.
Bowen, W.D., S. Ellis, S.J. Iverson, and D.J. Boness. 2001. Maternal effects on offspring growth rate and weaning mass in harbour seals. Can. J. Zool. 79: 1088-1101.
Bundy, A. 2001. Fishing on ecosystems: The interplay of fishing and predation in Newfoundland-Labrador. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58(6): 1153-1167.
Bundy, A., and D. Pauly. 2001. Selective harvesting by small scale fisheries: Ecosystem analysis of San Miguel Bay, Philippines. Fish. Res. 53(3): 263-281.
Campana, S.E. 2001. Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods. J. Fish Biol. 59: 197-242.
Campana, S.E., and S.R. Thorrold. 2001. Otoliths, increments and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 30-38.
Comeau, L.A., S.E. Campana, G.A. Chouinard, and J.M. Hanson. 2001. Timing of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua seasonal migrations in relation to serum levels of gonadal and thyroidal hormones. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 221: 245-253.
Duggan, R.E., and R.J. Miller. 2001. External tags for the green sea urchin. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 258: 115-122.
Fu, C., R.K. Mohn, and L.P. Fanning. 2001. Why the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stock off eastern Nova Scotia has not recovered. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 1613-1623.
Gislason, H., M. Sinclair, K. Sainsbury, and R.N. O'Boyle. 2000¹. Symposium overview: Incorporating ecosystem objectives within fisheries management. ICES (Int. Counc. Explor. Sea) J. Mar. Sci. 57: 468-475.
Hansen, M.M., E. Kenchington, and E.E. Nielsen. 2001. Assigning individual fish to populations using microsatellite DNA markers. Fish Fish. Ser 2: 93-112.
Kenchington, E.L.R., J. Prena, K.D. Gilkinson, D.C. Gordon, Jr., K. MacIsaac, C. Bourbonnais, P.J. Schwinghamer, T.W. Rowell, D.L. McKeown, and W.P. Vass. 2001. Effects of experimental otter trawling on the macrofauna of a sandy bottom ecosystem on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic. Sci. 58: 1043-1057.
Koeller, P.A. 2000¹. Relative importance of environmental and ecological factors to the management of the northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) fishery on the Scotian Shelf. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 27: 21-33.
Koeller, P.A., R. Mohn, and M. Etter. 2000¹. Density dependent sex-reversal in pink shrimp (Pandalus borealis) on the Scotian Shelf. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 27: 107-118.
Koeller, P.A., L. Savard, D. Parsons, and C. Fu. 2000¹. A precautionary approach to assessment and management of shrimp stocks in the Northwest Atlantic. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 27: 235-246.
Lidgard, D.C., D.J. Boness, and W.D. Bowen. 2001. A novel mobile approach to investigating mating tactics in male grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). J. Zool., Lond. 255: 313-320.
Nielsen, E.E., and E. Kenchington. 2001. Prioritizing marine fish and shellfish populations for conservation: A useful concept? Fish Fish. Ser. 2: 328-343. Pinhorn, A.T., and R.G. Halliday. 2001. The regulation of exploitation pattern in North Atlantic groundfish stocks. Fish. Res. 53: 25-37.
Ramseier, R.O., C. Garrity, D.G. Parsons, and P. Koeller. 2000¹. Influence of particulate organic carbon sedimentation within the seasonal sea-ice regime on the catch distribution of northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis). J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 27: 35-44.
Tremblay, M.J., and S.J. Smith. 2001. Lobster (Homarus americanus) catchability in different habitats in late spring and early fall. Mar. Freshw. Res. 52: 1321-1332.
Departmental Reports
Carr, J. 2001. A review of downstream movements of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the dam-impacted Saint John River drainage. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2573. 76 p.
Claytor, R.R. 2001. Fishery acoustic indices for assessing Atlantic herring populations. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2359. 213 p.
Claytor, R.R., S. Power, K. Leroux, A. Clay, and C. LeBlanc. 2001. Herring purse seine fishing activity in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1995-1998. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1075. 231 p.
Jessop, B.M. 2001. Change in length, weight and condition of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) elvers preserved in 4% and 10% formalin. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2339. 21 p.
Tremblay, M.J., and B. Sainte-Marie [ed.]. 2001. Canadian Lobster Atlantic Wide Studies (CLAWS) Symposium: Abstracts and Proceedings Summary. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2328: ix + 111 p.
Special Publications2
Amiro, P.G., D.A. Longard, and E.M. Jefferson. 2000¹. Assessments of Atlantic salmon stocks of Salmon Fishing areas 20 and 21, the Southern Uplands of Nova Scotia, for 1999. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/009. 28 p.
Bradford, R.G., D. Cairns, and B. Jessop. 2001. Update on the status of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in eastern Canada in 1998. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/007. 14 p.
Bradford, R.G., G. Chaput, S. Douglas, and J. Hayward. 2001. Status of striped bass in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1998. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/006. 30 p.
Branton, R., and G. Black. 2001. 2001 Summer groundfish survey update for selected Scotia-Fundy groundfish stocks. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/096. 62 p.
Campana, S., L. Marks, W. Joyce, and S. Harley. 2001. Analytical assessment of the porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) population in the Northwest Atlantic, with estimates of long-term sustainable yield. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/067. 59 p.
Clair, T., J. Ehrman, and C.-U. Ro. 2000¹. Freshwater chemistry acidification trends in sensitive Nova Scotia lakes: 1983-1997. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/055. 16 p.
Claytor, R., D. Pezzack, C. Frail, and K. Drinkwater. 2001. Analysis of LFA 41 lobster catch rates 1985 to 1999. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc 2001/131. 48 p.
Claytor, R., S. Nolan, and R. Duggan. 2001. Spatial correlations in catch rates, annual landings, and lobster sizes among port clusters in the LFA 33 lobster fishery. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc 2001/019. 58 p.
DFO. 2001. Cod in Sydney Bight (Div. 4Vn). DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-02. 10 p.
DFO. 2001. Eastern Georges Bank cod. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-04. 7 p.
DFO. 2001. Eastern Scotian Shelf haddock. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-06. 10 p.
DFO. 2001. Eastern Georges Bank haddock. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-08. 8 p.
DFO. 2001. White hake in 4VWX and 5. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-10. 12 p.
DFO. 2001. Yellowtail flounder on Georges Bank. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-15. 7 p.
DFO. 2001. Atlantic halibut on the Scotian Shelf and southern Grand Bank (Div. 4VWX 3NOPs). DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-23. 8 p.
DFO. 2001. Updates on selected Scotian Shelf groundfish stocks in 2001. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-35. 49 p.
DFO. 2001. 4VWX herring. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. B3-03. 10 p.
DFO. 2001. Porbeagle shark in NAFO Subareas 3-6. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. B3-09. 9 p.
DFO. 2001. Northern shrimp on the eastern Scotian Shelf (SFA 13-15). DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. C3-15. 7 p.
DFO. 2001. Georges Bank scallop. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. C3-17. 10 p.
DFO. 2001. Eastern Scotian Shelf scallop. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. C3-19. 7 p.
DFO. 2001. Bay of Fundy lobster (LFAs 35, 36, and 38). DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. C3-61. 12 p.
DFO. 2001. Southwest Nova Scotia lobster (Lobster Fishing Area 34). DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. C3-62. 12 p.
DFO. 2001. Atlantic salmon: Maritime Provinces overview for 2000.
DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. D3-14. 41 p.
DFO. 2001. Gaspereau: Maritime Provinces overview. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. D3-17. 15 p.
DFO. 2001. Chemical and biological oceanographic conditions in 2000 - Maritimes Region. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. G3-03. 11 p.
Dwyer, K., S.J. Walsh, S.E. Campana, and M.F. Veitch. 2001. Preliminary analysis of age validation studies in yellowtail flounder. Northwest Atl. Fish. Organ. Sci. Counc. Res. Doc. 01/51. 16 p.
Fowler, G.M., and W.T. Stobo. 2000¹. Status of 4VW American plaice and yellowtail flounder. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/144. 87 p.
Fowler, G.M., and W.T. Stobo. 2001. Patterns of abundance and maturity among three species of parasitic nematodes (Pseudoterranova decipiens, Contracaecum osculatum, Anisakis simplex) co-existing in Sable Island grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). North Alantic Marine Mammal Commission Sci. Publ. 3: 149-160.
Gibson, A.J.F., and R.A. Myers. 2001. Gaspereau River alewife stock status report. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/061. 42 p.
Halliday, R.G. 2001. Proceedings of the Fisheries Management Studies Working Group. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/21. 83 p.
Halliday, R.G., and R. O'Boyle. 2001. Proceedings of the
Fisheries Management Studies Working Group. DFO Can. Science
Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/022. 70 p.
Halliday, R.G., and R.K. Mohn. 2001. Proceedings of the
Fisheries Management Studies Working Group. DFO Can. Science
Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/08. 49 p.
Halliday, R.G., L.P. Fanning, and R.K. Mohn. 2001. Use of the traffic light method in fishery management planning. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/108. 41 p.
Jamieson, G., R. O'Boyle, J. Arbour, D. Cobb, S. Courtenay, R. Gregory, C. Levings, J. Munro, I. Perry, and H. Vandermeulen. 2001. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Objectives and Indicators for Ecosystem-Based Management. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/09. 140 p.
Kulka, D.W., D.E. Themelis, and R.G. Halliday. 2001. Distribution and biology of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus Collett, 1889) in the Northwest Atlantic. Northwest Atl. Fish. Organ. Sci. Res. Doc. 01/84, Ser. N4471. 23 p.
Marshall, T.L., P.H. LeBlanc, K.A. Rutherford, and R.A. Jones. 2000¹. Assessments of Atlantic salmon stocks in selected rivers of Cape Breton Island, 1999. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/008. 34 p.
Marshall, T.L., R.A. Jones, and L. Anderson. 2000¹. Assessments of Atlantic salmon stocks in southwest New Brunswick, 1999. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/010. 29 p.
Miller, R.J., and S.C. Nolan. 2000¹. Management of the Nova Scotia sea urchin fishery: A nearly successful habitat based management regime. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc 2000/109: 41 p.
O'Boyle, R. 2001. Meeting on turtle by-catch in Canadian Atlantic fisheries. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/17. 31 p.
O'Boyle, R. 2001. Proceedings of a Maritimes Regional Advisory Process meeting on LFA 33-41 lobster; 2-5 April 2001. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/20. 29 p.
O'Boyle, R. 2001. Proceedings of a Maritimes Regional Advisory Process meeting on NAFO Subarea 3-6 porbeagle shark. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/19. 15 p.
O'Boyle, R. 2001. Proceedings of a meeting on Subarea 4 witch stock structure. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/06. 15 p.
O'Boyle, R. 2001. Proceedings of the fourth meeting of the Transboundary Resources Assessment Committee (TRAC). DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/18. 38 p.
O'Boyle, R.N. 2001. Proceedings of a meeting on eastern Scotian Shelf shrimp. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/05. 32 p.
O'Neil, S.F., K.A. Rutherford, and D. Aitken. 2000¹. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stock status on rivers in the Northumberland Strait, Nova Scotia area, in 1999. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/007. 39 p.
Robichaud-LeBlanc, K.A., and P.G. Amiro [ed.]. 2001. Assessments of gaspereau and striped bass stocks of the Maritimes Provinces, 2000. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/11. 26 p.
Stobo, W.T., and G.M. Fowler, 2001. Sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) dynamics in Sable Island grey seals (Halichoerus grypus): seasonal fluctuations and other changes in worm loads during the 1980s. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission Sci. Publ. 3: 129-147. White, W. 2000¹. A review of the effectiveness and feasibility of alternate liming techniques to mitigate for acid rain effects in Nova Scotia. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/057. 25 p.
Zwanenburg, K. 2001. Proceedings of the Marine Fisheries Subcommittee. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/13. 58 p.
Books; Book Chapters:
Claytor, R.R., and A. Clay. 2001. Distributing fishing mortality in time and space to prevent overfishing, pp. 543-558. In G.H. Kruse, N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R.N. Lipicius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S.J. Smith, and D. Witherell [ed.]. Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-01-02, Fairbanks.
Kruse, G.H., N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R. Lipcius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S.J. Smith, and D. Witherell [ed.]. 2001. Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK SG-01-02, Fairbanks. 720 p.
Smith, S.J., E.L. Kenchington, M.J. Lundy, G. Robert, and D. Roddick. 2001. Spatially specific growth rates for sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus), p. 211-231. In G.H. Kruse, N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R. Lipcius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S. J. Smith, and D. Witherell [ed.]. Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-01-02, Fairbanks.
Conference Proceedings:
Koeller, P.A., J. Bouthillier, and S. Tveite [ed.]. 2000¹. Pandalid shrimp fisheries - science and management at the millenium. Proceedings of the International NAFO/ICES/PICES Symposium held in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, September 8-10, 1999.
2) Ocean Sciences
Recognized Scientific Journals:
Burgett, R.L., D. Hebert, and N.S. Oakey. 2001. Vertical structure of turbulence on the southern flank of Georges Bank. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 22545-22558.
Drinkwater, K.F. and G.C. Harding. 2001. Effects of the
Hudson Strait outflow on the biology of the Labrador Shelf.
Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 171-184.
Drinkwater, K.F., and J.W. Loder. 2001. Near-surface horizontal convergence and dispersion near the tidal-mixing front on Northeastern Georges Bank. Deep-Sea Res. II(48): 311-339.
Edwards, A.M. 2001. Adding detritus to a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model: A dynamical-systems approach. J. Plankton Res. 23(4): 389-413.
Edwards, A.M., and A. Yool. 2000¹. The role of higher predation in plankton population models. J. Plankton Res. 22(6): 1085-1112.
Edwards, A.M., and M.A. Bees. 2001. Generic dynamics of a simple plankton population model with a non-integer exponent of closure. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 12: 289-300. (Special Issue on "Chaos in Ecology.")
Edwards, A.M., T. Platt, and D.G. Wright. 2001. Biologically induced circulation at fronts. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 7081-7095.
Fransson, A., M. Chierici, L.G. Anderson, I. Bussmann, G. Kattner, E.P. Jones, and J.H. Swift. 2001. The importance of shelf processes for the modification of chemical constituents in the waters of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean: Implication for carbon fluxes. Continental Shelf Res. 21: 225-242.
Han, G., and C.L. Tang. 2001. Interannual variations of volume transport in the western Labrador Sea based on TOPEX/Poseidon and WOCE data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31: 199-211.
Hannah, C.G., J. Shore, J.W. Loder, and C.E. Naimie. 2001. Seasonal circulation on the western and central Scotian Shelf. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31: 591-615.
Harrison, W.G., J. Arístegui, E.J.H. Head, W.K.W. Li, A.R. Longhurst, and D.D. Sameoto. 2001. Basin-scale variability in plankton biomass and community metabolism in the sub-tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. II(48): 2241-2269.
Incze, L.S., D. Hebert, N. Wolff, N. Oakey, and D. Dye. 2001. Changes in copepod distributions associated with increased turbulence from wind stress. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 213: 229-240.
Li, W.K.W., and P.M. Dickie. 2001. Monitoring phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, and virioplankton in a coastal inlet (Bedford Basin) by flow cytometry. Cytometry 44: 236-246.
Li, W.K.W., and W.G. Harrison. 2001. Chlorophyll, bacteria
and picophytoplankton in ecological provinces of the North
Atlantic. Deep Sea Res. II(48): 2271-2293.
Loder, J.W., J.A. Shore, C.G. Hannah, and B.D. Petrie. 2001. Decadal-scale hydrographic and circulation variability in the Scotia-Maine region. Deep Sea Res. II(48): 3-35.
Lu, Y., K.R. Thompson, and D.G. Wright. 2001. Tidal currents and mixing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: An application of the incremental approach to data assimilation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 723-735.
Lu, Y., D.G. Wright, and D. Brickman. 2001. Internal tide generation over topography: Experiments with a free-surface Z-level ocean model. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 18: 1076-1091.
Lutz, V.A., S. Sathyendranath, E.J.H. Head, and W.K.W. Li. 2001. Changes in the in vivo absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra with growth irradiance in three species of phytoplankton. J. Plankton Res. 23: 555-569.
Lynch, D.R., and C.G. Hannah. 2001. Inverse model for limited-area hindcasts on the Continental Shelf. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 18: 962-981.
Lynch, D.R., C.E. Naimie, J.T. Ip, C.V. Lewis, F.E. Werner, R. Luettich, B.O. Blanton, J. Quinlan, D.J. McGillicuddy, Jr., J.R. Ledwell, J. Churchill, V. Kosnyrev; C.S. Davis, S.M. Gallager, C.J. Ashjian; R.G. Lough, J. Manning; C.N. Flagg, C.G. Hannah, and R. Groman. 2001. Real-time data assimilative modeling on Georges Bank. Oceanography 14(1): 65-77.
McLaren, I.A., E. Head, and D.D. Sameoto. 2001. Life cycles and seasonal distributions of Calanus finmarchicus on the central Scotian Shelf. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 659-670.
Naimie, C.E., R. Limeburner, C.G. Hannah, and R. Beardsley. 2001. On the geographic and seasonal patterns of near-surface circulation on Georges Bank - from real and simulated drifters. Deep Sea Res. II(48): 501-518.
Pershing, A.J., C.H. Greene, C.G. Hannah, D. Sameoto, E. Head, D.G. Mountain, J.W. Jossi, M.C. Benfiled, P.C. Reid, and T.G. Durbin. 2001. Oceanographic responses to climate in the Northwest Atlantic. Oceanography 14(3): 76-82.
Petrie, B., and P.A. Yeats. 2000¹. Annual and interannual variability of nutrients and their estimated fluxes in the Scotian Shelf - Gulf of Maine region. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 2536-2546.
Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath. 2001. A. Modelling primary production - XXIII (in Japanese). Aquabiology 23: 77-81.
Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath. 2001. B. Modelling primary production - XXIV (in Japanese). Aquabiology 23: 170-174.
Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath. 2001. C. Modelling primary production - XXV (in Japanese). Aquabiology 23: 288-290.
Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath. 2001. D. Modelling primary production - XXVI (in Japanese). Aquabiology 23: 364-367.
Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath. 2001. E. Modelling primary production - XXVII (in Japanese). Aquabiology 23: 584-588.
Sameoto, D. 2001. Decadal changes in phytoplankton color index and selected calanoid copepods in continous plankton recorder data from the Scotian Shelf. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 749-761.
Sathyendranath, S., V. Stuart, G. Cota, H. Maass, and T. Platt. 2001. Remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments: A comparison of empirical and theoretical approaches. Int. J. Remote Sens. 22: 249 273.
Savenkoff, C., A.F. Vézina, P.C. Smith, and G. Han. 2001. Summer transport of nutrients in the Gulf of St. Lawrence estimated by inverse modeling. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 52: 565-587.
Sheng, J., R.J. Greatbatch, and D.G. Wright. 2001. Improving the utility of ocean circulation models through adjustments of the momentum balance. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 16711-16728.
Sheng, J., K.R. Thompson, L. Chong, P.C. Smith, and D.J. Lawrence. 2001. Effect of wind and local density on the subtidal circulation on the inner Scotian Shelf. Continental Shelf Res. 21: 1-19.
Tang, C.L. 2001. Ice patches on the northeast Newfoundland Shelf observed by RADARSAT. Can. J. Remote Sens. 27: 44-49.
Tian, R., A.F. Vézina, M. Starr, and F.J. Saucier. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of coastal ecosystems and export production at high latitudes: A modeling study. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 1845-1859.
Turk, D., M.R. Lewis, W.G. Harrison, T. Kawano, and I. Asanuma. 2001. Geographical distribution in the western/central equatorial Pacific during El Niño and normal conditions. J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans 106(C3): 4501-4515.
Xu, Z., R.H. Hendry, and J.W. Loder. 2001. Applications of a direct inverse data assimilation method to the M2 tide on the Newfoundland and southern Labrador Shelves. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 18: 665-690.
Yashayaev, I.M., and I.I. Zveryaev. 2001. Climate of the seasonal cycle in the North Pacific and the North Atlantic Oceans. Int. J. Clim. 21(4): 401-417.
Departmental Reports:
Dowd, M., F.H. Page, R. Losier, P. McCurdy, and G. Bugden. 2001. Physical oceanography of Tracadie Bay, P.E.I.: Analysis of sea level, current, wind, and drifter data. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2347: iii + 77.
Petrie, B., G. Bugden, T. Tedford, Y. Geshelin, and C. Hannah. 2001. Review of the physical oceanography of Sydney Harbour. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. 215: vii + 43 pp.
Savenkoff, C., A.F. Vézina, and A. Bundy. 2001. Inverse analysis of the structure and dynamics of the whole Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf ecosystem. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2354: viii + 56 p.
Tedford, T., E. Gonzalez, and C.G. Hannah. 2001. BBLT Version 3.1 user's manual. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. 213: v + 48 pp.
Special Publications2Drinkwater, K., C. Hannah, J. Loder, G. Harding, and J. Shore. 2001. Modelling the drift of lobster larvae off southwest Nova Scotia. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/051. 29 p.
Drinkwater, K., B. Petrie, R. Pettipas, and L. Petrie. 2001. Overview of meteorological, sea ice and sea-surface temperature conditions off eastern Canada during 2000. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/054. 34 p.
Drinkwater K., B. Petrie, R. Pettipas, L. Petrie, and V. Soukhovtsev. 2001. Physical oceanographic conditions on the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine during 2000. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/055. 46 p.
Drinkwater K., R. Pettipas, and L. Petrie. 2001. Temperature conditions on the Scotian Shelf and in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence during 2000 relevant to snow crab. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/052. 42 p.
Drinkwater, K.F., R. Pettipas, and L. Petrie. 2001. Physical environmental conditions in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence during 2000. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/053. 38 p.
Head, E., P. Pepin, and J. Runge. 2001. Proceedings of the Workshop on "The Northwest Atlantic Ecosystem - A Basin Scale Approach." DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/23. 113 p.
Kepkay, P. [ed.]. Proceedings of the workshop on carbon storage in the coastal zone, Halifax, 16-17 October. 2001. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/027. 38p.
Books: Book Chapters:
Clarke, R A., J. Church, and J. Gould. 2001. Ocean processes and climate phenomena, p. 11-30. In G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould [ed.]. Ocean Circulation and Climate, Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean. Academic Press.
Dickson, R.R., J. Hurrell, N. Bindoff, A. Wong, B. Arbic, B. Owens, S. Imawaki, and I. Yashayaev. 2001. The world during WOCE, p. 557-584. In G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould [ed.]. Ocean Circulation and Climate, Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean. Academic Press.
Folland, C.K., T.R. Karl, J.R. Christy, R.A. Clarke, G.V. Gruza, J. Jouzel, M.E. Mann, J. Oerlemans, M.J. Salinger, and S.W. Wang. 2001. Observed climate variability and Change, p. 99-181. In J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C.A. Johnson [ed.]. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. 881 p.
Lazier, J.R., R. Pickart, and P. Rhines. 2001. Deep convection, p. 387-400. In G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould [ed.]. Ocean Circulation and Climate, Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean. Academic Press.
Li, W.K.W. 2001. Changes in planktonic microbiota, p. 105-121. In A. Ducharme and G. Turner [ed.]. Preserving the Environment of Halifax Harbour, Workshop #2. Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Halifax Regional Municipality.
Oakey, N.S. 2001. Turbulence sensors, p. 3063-3069. In J.H. Steele, S.A. Thorpe, and K.K. Turekian [ed.]. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences.
Toba, Y., S.D. Smith, and N. Ebuchi. 2001. Historical wind drag expressions, p. 35-53. In I.S.F. Jones and Y. Toba [ed.]. Wind Stress over the Ocean. Cambridge University Press.
Conference Proceedings:
Belliveau, D., H. Hayden, and S. Prinsenberg. 2001. Ice drift and draft measurements for moorings at the Confederation Bridge, p. 349-358. In R. Fredeking, I. Kubat, and G. Timco [ed.]. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions (POAC '01), 1.
Hamilton, J. 2001. Accurate ocean current direction measurements near the magnetic poles, p. 656-670. In Proceeding of the 11th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (2001), ISOPE2001, 1. Stavanger, Norway.
Li, W.K.W. 2001. Macroecological patterns in microbial plankton of the North Atlantic, p. 17-18. In T. Nagata and I. Koike [ed.]. Food Web Dynamics and Biogeochemistry in Maine Environments: New Approaches for Exploring Biocomplex Systems. Dynamics of the Ocean Biosystem (DOBIS). Otsu, Japan.
Prinsenberg, S., and I.K. Peterson. 2001. Pack ice thickness and concentration measurements from the area around the Confederation Bridge (Canada) using helicopter-borne sensors, p. 339-348. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions (POAC '01), 1.
Prinsenberg, S.J., and I.K. Peterson. 2001. Variations in air-drag coefficient due to ice surface roughness, p. 733 738. In Proceedings of the 11th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (2001), ISOPE2001, 1. Stavanger, Norway.
Yao, T., and T. Carrieres. 2001. Forecasting sea ice on the Canadian East Coast, p. 1061-1070. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions (POAC '01), 3.
3) Marine Environmental Sciences
Recognized Scientific Journals:
Armsworthy, S.L., B.A. MacDonald, and J.E. Ward. 2001. Feeding activity, absorption efficiency and suspension feeding processes in the ascidian, Halocynthia pyriformis (Stolidobranchia: Ascidiacea): Responses to variations in diet quantity and quality. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 260: 41-69.
Blake, A.C., G.C. Kineke, T.G. Milligan, and C.R. Alexander. 2001. Sediment trapping and transport in the ACE Basin, South Carolina. Estuaries 25(4): 721-733.
Buhl-Mortensen, L., and R. Toresen. 2001. Fisheries management in a sea of uncertainty: The role and responsibility of scientists in attaining a precautionary approach. Int. J. Sustainable Dev. 4(3): 245-264.
Charette, M.A., S.B. Moran, S.M. Pike, and J.N. Smith. 2001. Investigating the carbon cycle in the Gulf of Maine using the natural tracer thorium 234. J. Geophys. Res. 106(C6): 11,553-11,579.
Chase, M.E., S.H. Jones, P. Hennigar, J. Sowles, G.C.H. Harding, K. Freeman, P.G. Wells, C. Krahforst, K. Coombs, R. Crawford, J. Pederson, and D. Taylor. 2001. Gulfwatch: Monitoring spatial and temporal patterns of trace metal and organic contaminants in the Gulf of Maine (1991-1997) with the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis L. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42(6): 491-505.
Chou, C.L., L.A. Paon, J.D. Moffatt, and B. Zwicker. 2000¹. Copper contamination and cadmium, silver, and zinc concentrations in the digestive glands of American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the Inner Bay of Fundy, Atlantic Canada. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 65: 470-477.
Chou, C.L., and J.D. Moffatt. 2000¹. A simple co-precipitation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric method for the determination of uranium in seawater. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 368: 59-61.
Cranford, P.J. 2001. Evaluating the "reliability" of filtration rate measurements in bivalves. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 215: 303-305.
Fortier, L., M. Fortier, M. Fukuchi, D. Barber, Y. Gratton, L. Legendre, T. Odate, and B. Hargrave. 2001. The International North Water Polynya Study (NOW): A progress report. Natl. Inst. Polar Res. 54: 343-348.
Geyer, W.R., P.S. Hill, and T.G. Milligan, 2000¹. Fluid and sediment dynamics in the Eel River flood plume. Cont. Shelf Res. 20: 2112-2120. Gobeil, C., B. Sundby, R.W. Macdonald, and J.N. Smith. 2001. Recent change in organic carbon flux to Arctic Ocean deep basins: Evidence from acid volatile sulfide, manganese and rhenium discord in sediments. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(9): 1743-746.
Gobeil, C., R.W. Macdonald, J.N. Smith, and L. Beaudin. 2001. Atlantic water flow pathways revealed by lead contamination in Arctic basin sediments. Science 293: 1301-1304.
Hellou, J., T. King, and D.E. Willis. 2001. Seasonal and geographical distribution of PAHs in mussel, Mytilus edulis, collected from an urban harbour. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 20: 21.38.
Hill, P.S., T.G. Milligan, and W.R. Geyer, 2000¹. Controls on effective settling velocity of suspended sediment in the Eel River flood plume. Cont. Shelf Res. 20: 2095-2111.
Holmer, M., P. Lassus, J.E. Stewart, and D.J. Wildish. 2001. ICES Symposium on Environment Effects of Mariculture. ICES (Int. Counc. Explor. Sea) J. Mar. Sci. 58: 363-368.
Leonard, J.D., and J. Hellou. 2001. Separation and characterization of gall bladder bile metabolites from speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, exposed to individual polycyclic aromatic compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20(3): 618-623.
Milligan, T.G., G.C. Kineke, A.C. Blake, C.R. Alexander, and P.S. Hill. 2001. Flocculation and sedimentation in the ACE Basin, South Carolina. Estuaries 24(5): 734-744.
Payne, J.F., B. French, D. Hamoutene, P. Yeats, A. Rahimtula, D. Scruton, and C. Andrews. 2001. Are metal mining effluent regulations adequate: Identification of a novel bleached fish syndrome in association with iron-ore mining effluents in Labrador, Newfoundland. Aquat. Toxicol. 52: 311-317.
Schroeder, P.C., P.R. Boudreau, C.E.W. Brehme, A.M. Boyce, A.J. Evans, and A. Rahmani. 2001. The Gulf of Maine Environmental Information Exchange: Participation, observation, conversation. Environment and Planning. B. Planning and Design 2001. Pion. London. 28: 865-887.
Smith, J.N. 2001. Why should we believe 210Pb sediment geochronologies. J. Environ. Radioact. 55: 121-123. Stewart, J.E. 2001. A case for a comprehensive environmental database as a tool for integrated coastal zone planning and management. Bull. Aquacult. Assoc. Can. 101(1): 42-47.
Wildish, D.J., B.T. Hargrave, and G. Pohle. 2001. Cost-effective monitoring of organic enrichment resulting from salmon aquaculture. J. Mar. Sci. 58: 469-476.
Yeats, P.A., and C.L. Chou. 2001. Covariance of copper concentrations in lobsters and seawater. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67: 455-462.
Departmental Reports:
Bugden, J.B.C., B.T. Hargrave, P.M. Strain, and A.R.J. Stewart [ed.]. 2001. Spatial patterns of some physical and chemical variables in Passamaquoddy Bay and Letang Inlet, southwestern Bay of Fundy, September 1999. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2356: iv + 96 p.
Cranford, P.J., K. Lee, J.W. Loder, T.G. Milligan, D.K. Muschenheim, and J. Payne. 2001. Scientific considerations and research results relevant to the review of the 1996 Offshore Waste Treatment Guidelines. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2364: vi + 25 p.
Hargrave, B.T, and G.A. Phillips [ed.]. 2001. Environmental studies for sustainable aquaculture (ESSA): 2001 Workshop Report. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2352: viii + 73 p.
Martin, J.L, M.M. LeGresley, and P.M. Strain. 2001. Phytoplankton monitoring in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy during 1997-98. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2349: iv + 85 p.
Nelson, R.W.P., K.M. Ellis, and J.N. Smith. 2001. Environmental monitoring report for the Point Lepreau, N.B. nuclear generating station - 1991 to 1994. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. 211: v + 125 p.
Saunders, K.S., S.E. Cobalni, R.R. Whalen, K. Lee, T.M. Schell, D.K. Muschenheim, T.G. Milligan and M.R. Anderson. 19991. Observations at the Hibernia Oil Field site, October 1997. Can. Data. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1053: 119 + ix.
Stewart, A.R.J., T.G. Milligan, B.A. Law, and D.H. Loring. 2001. Disaggregated inorganic grain size and trace metal analyses of surficial sediments in Sydney Harbour, N.S., 1999. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2384: vii + 35 p.
Stewart, P.L., H.A. Levy, and B.T. Hargrave. 2001. Database of benthic macrofaunal biomass and productivity measurements for the Eastern Canadian continental shelf, slope and adjacent area. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2336: vi + 31 p + Al-6.
Stewart, P.L., and L.White. 2001. A review of contaminants on the Scotian Shelf and in adjacent coastal waters: 1970 to 1995. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2351: xviii + 158 p.
Strain, P.M., G. Bugden, M. Brylinsky, and S. Denny. 2001. Nutrient, dissolved oxygen, trace metal and related measurements in the Bras d'or Lakes, 1995-1997. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1073: iv + 52 p.
Special Publications2
DFO. 2001. Description of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and Sydney Bight marine ecosystems in relation to oil and gas exploration. DFO Marit., Reg. Hab. Status Rep. 2001/01. 18 p.
Hargrave, B.T. 2001. Benthic metabolism and carbon storage in coastal sediments, p. 27-33. In P. Kepkay [ed.]. Proceedings of the workshop on carbon storage in the coastal zone, Halifax, 16-17 October. 2001. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/027. 38 p.
Books; Book Chapters:
Lee, L.E.J., A. McDonald, J. Stassen, and K. Lee. 2001. Effects of oil-spill bioremediation strategies on the survival, growth and reproductive success of the mystery snail, Viviparus georgianus, p. 323-336. In B.M. Greenburg, R.N. Hull, M.H. Roberts, Jr., and R.W. Gensemer [ed.]. Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Science, Policy, and Standardization - Implications for Environmental Decisions: Tenth Volume. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. ASTM STP 1403: 323-336.
Lee, K. 2000¹. In situ bioremediation of oiled shoreline environments. Opportunities for advancement of environmental applications of marine biotechnology. The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy Press, Washington, DC., pp. 44-60.
Stoffyn-Egli, P., S. Blenkinsopp, K. Lee, and G. Sergy. 2000¹. Methods for the assessment of oil-mineral aggregates. Environment Canada, Edmonton, Alta., Canada. 40 p.
Conference Proceedings:
Armsworthy, S.L., P.J. Cranford, K. Lee, and G.H. Tremblay. 2000¹. Effects of orimulsion on food acquisition and growth of sea scallops, p. 1003-1022. In Proceedings of the 23rd Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Environment Canada, June 14-16, Vancouver, B.C.
Chou, C.L. 2001. Aquaculture-related inorganic chemicals in sediments and biota as indicators of marine environmental quality and relevance to environmental monitoring program. APEC roundtable meeting on the involvement of the business/private sector in the sustainability of the marine environment, October 11-12, 2001, Kaochsiung, Chinese Taipei, III. 5-1-17.
Garcia-Blanco, S., M. Moteleb, A.D. Venosa, M.T. Suidan, K. Lee, and D.W. King. 2001. Restoration of the oil-contaminated St. Lawrence River shoreline: Bioremediation and phytoremediation, p. 303-308. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference, Tampa Florida, USA, March 26-29, 2001.
Gordon, D.C., Jr., E.L.R. Kenchington, K.D. Gilkinson, D.L. McKeown, G. Steeves, M. Chin-Yee, W.P. Vass, K. Bentham, and P.R. Boudreau. 2000¹. Canadian imaging and sampling technology for studying marine benthic habitat and biological communities. Int. Counc. Explor. Sea. 2000 Annual Science Conference, C.M.2000/T:07.
Grenon, S., V. Jarry, D. Longpre, K. Lee, and A.D. Venosa. 2001. Logistics for the conduct of controlled oil spill experiment on bioremediation of freshwater wetlands, p. 1467-1469. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference, Tampa, Florida, USA, March 26-29, 2001.
Hodson, P.V., S. Zambon, A. Ewert, I. Ibrahim, Y. Kiparissis, M. Windle, K. Lee, and A.D. Venosa. 2001. Evaluating the efficiency of oil spill countermeasures by monitoring changes in the bioavailability and toxicity to fish of PAH from wetland sediments, p. 211-222. In Proceedings of the 24th Arctic and Marine Oilspill (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Edmonton, Alta., June 12-14, 2001.
Kepkay, P.E., J.B.C. Bugden, K. Lee, and P. Stoffyn-Egli. 2000¹. Application of ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) spectroscopy to monitor oil-mineral aggregates (OMA) formation, p. 1051-1065. In Proceedings of the 23rd Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Environment Canada, June 14-16, Vancouver, B.C.
Lee, K., G. Wohlgeschaffen, S.E. Cobanli and J. Gauthier, K.G. Doe, P.M. Jackman, A.D. Venosa, L.E.J. Lee, M.T. Suidan, and S. Garcia-Blanco. 2001. Monitoring habitat recovery and toxicity reduction in an oiled freshwater wetland to determine remediation success, p. 195-210. In Proceedings of the 24th Arctic and Marine Oilspill (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Edmonton, Alta., June 12-14, 2001.
Lee, K., K.G. Doe, L.E.J. Lee, M.T. Suidan, and A.D. Venosa. 2001. Remediation of an oil-contaminated experimental freshwater wetland: Habitat recovery and toxicity reduction, p. 323-328. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference, Tampa, Florida, USA. March 26-29, 2001.
Lee, K., and P. Stoffyn-Egli. 2001. Characterization of oil-mineral aggregates, p. 991-996. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.
Lee, K., P. Stoffyn-Egli, and E.H. Owens. 2001. Natural dispersion of oil in a freshwater ecosystem: Desaguadero Pipeline Spill, Bolivia, p. 1445-1448. In Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.
Prince, R.C., M.J. Grossman, R.E. Bare, C.C. Guénette, E.H. Owens, K. Lee, and G.A. Sergy. 2001. Bioremediation of a marine oil spill in the Arctic, p. 177-180. In M. Nahir, K. Biggar, and G. Cotta [ed.]. ARCSACC - Proceedings of a Workshop on Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sites in Arctic and Cold Climates. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Calgary, Edmonton, Alta., Canada, May 7-8, 2001.
Stoffyn-Egli, P., K. Lee, S. Blenkinsopp, and G. Sergy. 2000¹. Field tests for the verification of oil-mineral aggregate (OMA) formation, p. 1041-1050. In Proceedings of the 23rd Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Environment Canada, June 14-16, Vancouver, B.C.
Tedford, T., G.C. Hannah, T.G. Milligan, J.W. Loder, and D.K. Muschenheim. 2001. Flocculation and the fate of drill mud discharges. Proc. 7th ASCE Int'l Conf. Estuarine and Coastal Modelling, St. Petersburg, Florida. Wrenn, B.A., H. Zheng, E.S. Kohar, K. Lee, and A.D. Venosa. 2001. Effect of pulsed additions of nutrients on oil biodegradation in continuous-flow beach microcosms, p. 339-344. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference, Tampa, Florida, USA, March 26-29, 2001.
4)Habitat Management Division
Ducharme, A. [ed.]. 2001. Preserving the environment of Halifax Harbour: Workshop #1. Proceedings of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Halifax Regional Municipality Workshop #1, Halifax, Nova Scotia, March 14 to 15, 2000. 196 p.
Ducharme, A., and G. Turner [ed.]. 2001. Preserving the environment of Halifax Harbour: Workshop #2. Proceedings of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Halifax Regional Municipality Workshop #2, Halifax, Nova Scotia, March 14 to 15, 2001. 218 p.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Halifax Regional Municipality. 2001. Preserving the environment of Halifax Harbour: Call For Action. Executive Summary of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Halifax Regional Municipality Workshops #1 and #2, Halifax, Nova Scotia, March 14 to 15, 2000 and March 14 to 15, 2001. 28p.
5)Oceans and Coastal Management
Special Publications2:
Coffen-Smout, S., R.G. Halliday, G. Herbert, T. Potter, and N. Witherspoon. 2001. Ocean activities and ecosystem issues on the Eastern Scotian Shelf: An assessment of current capabilities to address ecosystem objectives. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/095. 44 p.
Departmental Reports:
Craig, C., R. Gaudet, A. Menon, and B. Raymond. 2001. Re-evaluation report Prince Edward Island Shellfish Growing Areas 1 to 3. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-17. 194 p.
Craig, C., A. Menon, B. Raymond, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Prince Edward Island Shellfish Growing Area Subsector PE-04-030-001 North Lake. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-22. 14 p.
Craig, C., B. Raymond, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Prince Edward Island Shellfish Growing Area Subsector PE-01-020-001 Kildare River. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-21. 15 p.
Craig, C., B. Raymond, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Prince Edward Island Shellfish Growing Area Subsector PE-05-050-001 Murray River/Murray Harbour. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-23. 18 p.
Craig, C., B. Raymond, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Prince Edward Island Shellfish Growing Area Subsector PE-07-010-001 Orwell Bay/Orwell River. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-24. 21 p.
Craig, C., and D. Walter. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Area Subsector NS-07-030-005 St. Peters Inlet. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-11. 22 p.
Craig, C., and D. Walter. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Area Subsector NS-08-030-003 Main à Dieu-Halls Harbour. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-12. 15 p.
Craig, C., D. Walter, and A.S. Menon. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Areas 6, 8 and 9 (Cape Breton Atlantic Surveys 2000). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-16. 178 p.
Craig, C., D. Walter, A.S. Menon, and C. Dennis. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Area 7 (Bras d'Or Lakes, Volume 3). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-15. 188 p.
Richard B., and R. Robichaud. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area NB-04-020-001 Néguac Bay. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-5. 25 p.
Richard B., and R. Robichaud. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area Subsector NB-05-020-001 Baie de St Louis. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-19. 23 p.
Richard B., and R. Robichaud. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area Subsector NB-05-030-001 and 5-030-002 Richibucto River & Harbour and Aldouane. Manuscript Report No. EP AR 2001 20. 42 p.
Richard B., R. Robichaud, R. Gaudet, and D. Walter. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area Sectors 4 to 6-020-003 Tabusintac Bay to St-Thomas-de Kent. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-1.
Richard B., R. Robichaud, R. Gaudet, and D. Walter. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area Sectors 9-020-001 to 19-010-001 Musquash Harbour to Grand Manan Island. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-2. 260 p.
Richard B., R. Robichaud, and P. Godin. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area 4-010-001 Tabusintac Bay. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-26. 30 p.
Young, J.H., and R.J. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Sector 1-020-003 (Wallace Bay & Harbour). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-8. 21 p.
Young, J.H., A.S. Menon, R. Gaudet, and D. MacArthur. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Sector 16-030-003 St. Mary's Bay ( Head). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-25. 23 p.
Young, J.H., D. Walter, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Area NS-01-010 to 4-030 (Northumberland Strait-St. Georges Bay). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-3. 166 p.
Young, J.H., D. Walter, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Area NS-12-010 to 14-040 (South Shore: Musquodoboit-Lockport). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-4. 333 p.
Young, J.H., D. Walter, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Sector 12-010-004 (Three Fathom Harbour). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-9. 15 p.
Young, J.H., D. Walter, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Sector 13-030-004 Lunenburg Bay (South Coves). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-10. 24 p.
Young, J.H., D. Walter, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Sector 14-020-004 Medway Harbour. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-13. 18 p.
Journal Articles:
Atlantic Geoscience Society (R. A. Fensome and G.L. Williams, editors). 2001. The Last Billion Years: A Geological History of the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Atlantic Geoscience Society and Nimbus, Halifax, Canada, 212 p.
Eaton, G.L., R.A. Fensome, J.B. Riding, and G.L. Williams. 2001. Re-evaluation of the status of the dinoflagellate cyst genus Cleistosphaeridium. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlingen, v. 219, no. 1-2, p. 171-205.
Guerstein, G.R., G.L. Williams, and R.A. Fensome. 2001. Cannosphaeropsis quattrocchiae, a new species of dinoflagellate cyst from the mid-Cenozoic of the Colorado Basin, Argentina. Micropaleontology, v. 47, no. 2, p. 155-167, pl. 1-2.
Hayward, N., S.A. Dehler, and G.N. Oakey. 2001. The structure of the northeastern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada: new insight from geophysical analysis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. 1495-1516.
Hesse, R., I. Klaucke, S. Khodabakhsh, W.B.F. Ryan, D.J.W. Piper, and the NAMOC Study Group. 2001. Sandy submarine braid plains - potential deep-water reservoirs in subpolar settings. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 85, p. 1499-1521.
Hewitt, A.T., and D.C. Mosher. 2001. Late quaternary stratigraphy and seafloor geology of eastern Juan de Fuca Strait, British Columbia and Washington. Marine Geology, v. 177, p. 295-316.
Hurich, C., S. Deemer, A. Indares, and M. Salisbury. 2001. Compressional and metamorphic controls on velocity and reflectivity in the continental crust: an example from the Grenville Province of Eastern Quebec, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, p. 665-682.
Kenny, A.J., B.J. Todd, and R. Cooke. 2001. Procedural Guideline No. 1-4: The application of sidescan sonar for seabed habitat mapping. In Marine monitoring handbook, Edited by J. Davies et al., Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, U.K., p. 199-210.
Kostylev, V.E., B.J. Todd, G.B.J. Fader, R.C. Courtney, G.D.M. Cameron, and R.A. Pickrill. 2001. Benthic habitat mapping on the Scotian Shelf based on multibeam bathymetry, surficial geology and sea floor photographs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 219, p. 21-137.
Kostylev, V.E., B.J. Todd, G.B.J. Fader, R.C. Courtney, G.D.M. Cameron, and R.A. Pickrill. 2001. Habitat mapping based on benthos and multibeam bathymetry from Browns Bank , Scotian Shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 219, p. 121-137.
Lewis, C.F.M., D.L. Forbes, B.J. Todd, E. Nielsen, L.H. Thorleifson, P.J. Henderson, I. McMartin, T.W. Anderson, R.N. Betcher, W.M. Buhay, S.M. Burbidge, C.J. Schröder-Adams, J.W. King, K. Moran, C. Gibson, C.A. Jarrett, H.J. Kling, W.L. Lockhart, W.M. Last, G.L.D. Matile, J. Risberg, C.G. Rodrigues, A.M. Telka, and R.E.Vance. 2001. Uplift-driven expansion delayed by middle Holocene desiccation in Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Geology, v. 29, p. 743-746.
Li, M.Z., and C.L. Amos. 2001. SEDTRANS96: the upgraded and better calibrated sediment transport model for continental shelves. Computers and Geosciences, v. 27(6), p. 619-645.
Li, M.Z., D. Heffler, and R.A. Pickrill. 2001. Application of acoustic techniques in seabed scour monitoring and mobile layer depth measurements during storms. Proceedings of the 2001 Canadian Coastal Conference, CCSEA. 16-19 May, Quebec City, Quebec. Miller, A.A.L., G.B.J. Fader, and K. Moran. 2001. Late Wisconsinan ice advances, ice extent and glacial regimes interpreted from seismic data, sediment physical properties and foraminifera: Halibut Channel, Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Geological Society of America Special Paper v. 351, p. 51-107.
Mosher, D.C., and K. Moran. 2001. Post-glacial evolution of Saanich Inlet, British Columbia: results of physical property and seismic reflection stratigraphic analysis. Marine Geology, v. 174, p. 59-77.
Murphy, J.B., G. Pe-Piper, D.J.W. Piper, R.D. Nance, and R. Doig. 2001. Geology of the Eastern Cobequid Highlands. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 556, 61 p.
Pe-Piper, G., and D.J.W. Piper. 2001. Late Cenozoic, post-collisional Aegean igneous rocks: Nd and Pb isotopic constraints on petrogenetic and tectonic models. Geological Magazine, v. 138, p. 653-668.
Pe-Piper, G., D.J.W. Piper, D. Matarangas, and M. Varti-Matarangas. 2001. The sub-ophiolitic melange of the island of Lesbos, Greece. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 2001(6), p. 241-260.
Pickrill, R., D.J.W. Piper, J.T Collins, A. Kleiner, and L. Gee. 2001. Scotian Slope mapping project: the benefits of an integrated regional high-resolution multibeam survey. Offshore Technology Conference paper OTC 12995.
Piper, D.J.W., and W.R. Normark. 2001. Sandy fans - from Hueneme to Amazon and beyond. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 85, p. 1407-1438.
Piper, D.J.W., and G. Pe-Piper. 2001. Tournaisian thrusting in the northeastern Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia and its regional significance. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. 43-58.
Saruwatari, K., S. Ji, C. Long, and M. Salisbury. 2001. Seismic anisotropy of mantle xenoliths and constraints on upper mantle structure beneath the southern Canadian Cordillera. Tectonophysics, v. 339, p. 403-426.
Stea, R.R., G.B.J. Fader, D.B. Scott, and P. Wu. 2001. Glaciation and relative sea-level change in Maritime Canada. GSA Special Paper, v. 351, p. 35-49. Thomas, F.C. 2001. Diffusion pumps and water chillers. Microscopy Today, Issue 01-3, April, 2001, p. 28-29.
Thomas, F.C. 2001. Micropaleontology: the World of Microfossils. Microscopy Today, Issue 01-5, July, 2001, p. 32-36.
GSC Open File Reports:
Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Husky Bow Valley et al Golconda C-64.
Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Husky Bow Valley et al Whiterose L-16.
Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Mobil et al. Mercury K-76.
Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Husky Bow Valley et al North Veb Nevis P-93.
Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Husky Bow Valley et al Panther P-52. Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Mobil et al. Sheridan J-87.
Campbell, D.C. 2001. Coral Quest 2001: ROPOS Dives R635-R647.
Cranston, R.E., and M.B. Parsons. 2001. Geochemical data for the Bay of Chaleur.
Gibling, M. and G. Grant. 2001. Field excursion to the Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia.
Li, M., D. Heffler, and K. Gatchalian. 2001. Theories and operation of MATLAB programs for the preliminary processing of RALPH data.
Li, M., D. Beaver, E. King, and P. Pledge. 2001. Multibeam surveys of Sable Island Bank, Scotian Shelf: report on CREED cruise 2000-100.
Li, M., and E. King. 2001. CCGS Hudson cruise 2000-30a: a geological and geophysical survey on Sable Island Bank and Scotian Shelf.
Macnab, R., and M. Jakobsson. 2001. Proceedings of the third meeting of the Editorial Board for the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO).
MacRae, R.A., J.W. Shimeld, and J.B.W. Wielens. 2001. Sequence stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential of Upper Cretaceous limestone units, offshore Nova Scotia.
Mosher, D.C. 2001. Hudson 2001-048A cruise report, August 28 - Sept. 5, 2001.
Oakey, G., W. Miles, and H.R. Jackson. 2001. Magnetic anomaly of the Labrador Region, Canadian and Greenland Arctic.
Oakey, G., W. Miles, and H.R. Jackson. 2001. Magnetic anomaly of the Davis Strait Region, Canadian and Greenland Arctic.
Parrott, D.R. 2001. Cruise Report Hart 99-002: geological surveys of the Liverpool, NS and Saint John, NB offshore dumpsites.
Pe-Piper, G., D.J.W. Piper, and E. Hilton. 2001. Neoproterozoic plutonic rocks of the eastern Cobequid Highlands, NS.
Piper, D.J.W. 2001. Cruise report: CCGS Hudson 2001-043. Piper, D.J.W. 2001. The geological framework of sediment instability on the Scotian Slope: studies to 1999.
Shaw, J., R. Courtney, and D. Beaver. 2001. Bonne Bay, Newfoundland: interpretation of multibeam bathymetry data.
Taylor, R.B., and D. Frobel. 2001. Aerial video surveys, the coastline of Nova Scotia, part 3 Atlantic Coast (Halifax to Cape North).
Thomas, F.C. 2001. Geological Survey of Canada's Atlantic margin subsurface micropaleontology studies - history, facts, and figures.
Todd, B.J., A.A. Boyce, C.B. Chapman, V.E. Kostylev, W.A. Rainey, P.I. Spencer, and M.S. Uyesugi. 2001. Expedition report 2000-047: CCGS Hudson, southern Scotian Shelf.
Todd, B.J., P.C. Valentine, V.E. Kostylev, and R.A. Pickrill. 2001. Habitat mapping in the Gulf of Maine.
Todd, B.J., A. Atkinson, D.E. Beaver, W.A. Rainey, J. Strang, S.S. McCase, R. Murphy, P.E. Pledge, and M.S. Uyesey. 2001. Expedition report: M.V. Anne S. Pierce 2000, German Bank, Scotian Shelf.
¹Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.
²The name of the DFO secretariat, CSAS, changed in 2001 from the Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat to the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. Therefore, the CSAS Secretariat's Research Documents and Proceedings have been changed to the DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc., and the DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. respectively.
Canadian Hydrographic Service
Tide Tables:
2001. Canadian tide and current tables (2001) Vol. 1. Atlantic Coast and Bay of Fundy. Canadian Hydrographic Service, Fisheries and Oceans, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada.
2001. Canadian tide and current tables (2001) Vol. 2. Gulf of St. Lawrence. Canadian Hydrographic Service, Fisheries and Oceans, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada.
2001. Catalogue of nautical charts and publications.
2001. Canadian Hydrographic Service, Fisheries and Oceans, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada.
CHS Charts - 2001:
Chart No. 4098. Sable Island/Ile de Sable. NEWEDN.
Chart No. 4236. Taylors Head to/à Shut-in Island. NEWEDN.
Chart No. 4281. Canso Harbour and/et Inner Approaches. NEWEDN.
Chart No. 4420. Murray Harbour. NEWEDN.
Chart No. 4447. Pomquet and/et Tracadie Harbours. NEWEDN.
Chart No. 4712. Plans on the coast of Labrador/Plans sur la côté du Labrador. NEWEDN.
Chart No. 4847. Conception Bay. NEWEDN.
Chart No. 4863. Bacalhao Island to/à Black Island. NEWEDN.
Chart No. 5046. Kaipokok Bay and/et Cape Makkovik to/à Windsor Harbour Island. NEWEDN. S57 ENCs (Electronic Navigational Charts) - 20011: CA176140.
Chart No. 4003. Cape Breton to/à Cape Cod CA276801.
Chart No. 4012. Yarmouth to/à Halifax CA276284.
Chart No. 4015. Sydney to Saint-Pierre CA376094.
Chart No. 4020. Strait of Belle Isle CA576232.
Chart No. 4021. Lower Cove CA276090.
Chart No. 4045. Sable Island Bank/Banc de l'Ile de Sable CA276101.
Chart No. 4049. Grand Bank, Northern Portion/Grand Banc, Partie Nord to/à la Flemish Pass CA376289.
Chart No. 4098. Sable Island/Ile de Sable CA576033.
Chart No. 4114. Campobello Island CA476035.
Chart No. 4115. Passamaquoddy Bay and St. Croix River CA376011.
Chart No. 4116. Approaches to/Approches à Saint John CA576005.
Chart No. 4117. Approaches to/Approches à Saint John CA576003.
Chart No. 4202. Halifax Harbour - Point Pleasant to/à Bedford Basin CA576002.
Chart No. 4203. Halifax Harbour - Black Point to/à Point Pleasant CA576039.
Chart No. 4209. Shelburne Harbour CA376044.
Chart No. 4230. Little Hope Island to/à Cape St Marys CA376083.
Chart No. 4236. Taylors Head to/à Shut-in Island CA476089.
Chart No. 4236. Ship Harbour CA476009.
Chart No. 4237. Approaches to/Approches de Halifax Harbour CA576010.
Chart No. 4237. Sambro Harbour CA376045.
Chart No. 4240. Liverpool Harbour to/à Lockeport Harbour CA376047.
Chart No. 4241. Lockeport to/à Cape Sable CA376014.
Chart No. 4242. Cape Sable Island to/aux Tusket Islands CA576060.
Chart No. 4243. Cape St. Marys CA476048.
Chart No. 4244. Wedgeport and Vicinity/et les abords CA576096.
Chart No. 4266. International Piers CA576098.
Chart No. 4266. Sydney River CA576100.
Chart No. 4266. Sydport CA576097.
Chart No. 4266. North Sydney CA576064.
Chart No. 4277. Entrance to/Entrée à Great Bras D'Or CA576065.
Chart No. 4277. Entrance to/Entrée à St. Anns Harbour CA576066.
Chart No. 4277. Otter Harbour CA576142.
Chart No. 4278. Baddeck Harbour CA576143.
Chart No. 4278. Iona and/et Grand Narrows CA476285.
Chart No. 4306. Strait of Canso and/et Southern Approaches/et les approches sud CA576282.
Chart No. 4306. Canso Lock CA476221.
Chart No. 4308. St. Peter's Bay to Strait of Canso CA576548.
Chart No. 4342. North Head Wharves CA376303.
Chart No. 4375. Guyon Island to Flint Island CA376242.
Chart No. 4462. St. George's Bay CA576629.
Chart No. 4519. Maiden Arm, Spring Inlets and Approaches CA276236.
Chart No. 4520. Cape St. John to Cape Bonavista CA576343.
Chart No. 4524. Botwood Wharves CA576342.
Chart No. 4524. Botwood Harbour CA576227.
Chart No. 4587. Marystown Wharves/Quais CA476327.
Chart No. 4596. Bay of Exploits - Sheet II (Middle) CA576302.
Chart No. 4617. Buffett Harbour CA576301.
Chart No. 4617. Long Harbour, Erco Wharf CA476805.
Chart No. 4619. Presque Harbour to Bar Haven Island and Paradise Sound CA476806.
Chart No. 4619. Presque Harbour to Bar Haven Island CA476520.
Chart No. 4619. Paradise Sound CA376164.
Chart No. 4625. Burin Pennisula to Sainte-Pierre CA576305.
Chart No. 4641. Channel Port-aux Basques CA576304.
Chart No. 4641. Port aux Basques and Approaches CA576186.
Chart No. 4652. Corner Brook CA476220.
Chart No. 4725. Carrington Island to Etagaulet Bay CA476215.
Chart No. 4728. Epinette Point to Terrington Basin CA476903.
Chart No. 4839. Head of/fond de Placentia Bay CA476901.
Chart No. 4839. Dildo CA376106.
Chart No. 4844. Cape Pine to/à Renews Harbour CA476074.
Chart No. 4845. Aquaforte Harbour CA376070.
Chart No. 4845. Renews Harbour to/à Motion Bay CA476073.
Chart No. 4845. Fermeuse Harbour CA476071.
Chart No. 4845. Bay Bulls and/et Witless Bay CA376015.
Chart No. 4846. Motion Bay to/à Cape St Francis CA576115.
Chart No. 4848. Holyrood CA576114.
Chart No. 4848. Long Pond CA576118.
Chart No. 4848. Holyrood (Marina) CA576117.
Chart No. 4848. Generator Plant (Wharf) CA576116.
Chart No. 4848. Ultramar (Wharf/Quai) CA576416.
Chart No. 4849. Carbonear - Public Wharf/Quai CA376340.
Chart No. 4854. Catalina Harbour to/à Inner Gooseberry Island CA376807.
Chart No. 4855. Bonavista Bay (Southern Portion) CA376808.
Chart No. 4855. Bonavista Bay - Southern Portion/Partie Sud CA476804.
Chart No. 4863. Bacalhao Island to Black Island CA476802.
Chart No. 4863. Bacalhao Island to Black Island CA476803.
Chart No. 4863. Bacalhao Island to Black Island CA476168.
Chart No. 4865. Lewisporte and Approaches and Loon Bay CA376062.
Chart No. 4906. West Point à/to Baie de Tracadie CA476131.
Chart No. 4909. Richibucto Harbour CA476133.
Chart No. 4911. Entree à/Entrance to Miramichi River CA176290.
Chart No. 5001. Labrador Sea/Mer du Labrador CA476495.
Chart No. 5138. Continuation A - Sandwich Bay CA576498.
Chart No. 5138. Cartwright Harbour CA476213.
Chart No. 5143. Mulligan Bay CA476214.
Chart No. 5143. Sebaskachu Bay CA276113.
Chart No. 8048. Cape Harrison to/à St Michael Bay.
¹Available from Nautical Data International, Inc. at (http://www.digitalocean.ca)
Inside back cover
Sunrise at sea from the CCGS Alfred Needler - eastern Scotian Shelf, July 2001 - photo by J.G. Reid.
Back cover
 |
Government of Canada Fisheries and Oceans Canada Natural Resources Canada Environment Canada National Defence |
Gouvernement du Canada Pêches et océans Canada Ressources naturelles Canada Environnement Canada Défense nationale |
Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2001.
